American Accounting Scandals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

American Accounting Scandals - Essay Example 55, 2009). Interestingly, this is not the first time in the history of United States that its accounting practices, approaches and system has received criticism and strict scrutiny from its stakeholders. After the bankruptcy of Enron and WorldCom in 2001 and 2003, respectively that was also the biggest accounting scandals of their time, the US accounting practices made the headlines all over the world (Ketz, pp. 234, 2003). This paper is an attempt to explore the accounting standards whether they are too flexible or too rigid. The discussion would include looking over the causes of Enron’s bankruptcy rooted in its accounting problem, debate between rules based accounting and principles based accounting and the problems with the possible convergence of accounting standards all over the world. ... 144, 2006). Non-transparent and unethical accounting was the most important cause attributed to the failure and downfall of Enron. In the year 2004, McLean wrote Enron scandal that, â€Å"The Enron scandal grew out of a steady accumulation of habits and values and actions that began years before and finally spiraled out of control† (Silverstone & Sheetz, pp. 22, 2007). Furthermore, another writer in an attempt to explain these â€Å"habits and values† wrote that, â€Å"the primary motivations for Enron's accounting and financial transactions seem to have been to keep reported income and reported cash flow up, asset values inflated, and liabilities off the books. (Duska, Duska, & Ragatz, pp. 74-75, 2011)† Without any doubts, Enron had some of the smartest minds in the company, as its executives and accountants, who were spot on in tweaking and twisting, the accounting laws to their advantages (Rapoport & Dharan, pp. 106, 2004). They used off balance sheet vehicles , complex financial structures and others to hide their debts and inflate their incomes. Furthermore, the mark to market accounting further allowed the company to manipulate its financial figures for deceiving the shareholders, creditors and other stakeholders. More importantly, Enron used the ambiguities and gaps in the mark to market accounting to inflate its income (Rezaee, pp. 175, 176, 2002; Mulford & Comiskey, pp. 44-46, 2005). Mark to Market accounting method requires showing the net present value of the cash flows from any long-term project and adjust the values of market assets according to the current market value. However, the problem with this method is that under certain situations and for certain projects, correct, accurate, and timely predictions about their future

Different Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

Different Ethnic Groups Essay After going through and being asked to react to the following statement, â€Å"Students who dine solely with members of their own ethnic group and participate in ethnic student organizations and activities contribute to a decline of ethnic relations on campus,† I have come to realized that as any other statements there’s always two sides and a lot more to consider before coming to a consent as a whole. In my opinion this is very important and should always view both sides of the story Many types of these ethnic group’s actions could make it easy and lead to a decline of ethnic relations on campus. For instance, let’s say if ethnic students did everything together as a whole and only participated in ethnic student activities, then it would clearly segregate the campus. Unfortunately no a days, this world for the most part is over the whole â€Å"whites and blacks racial dividedness† and no one should be seeking to head back on that path. Now, campus cafeterias could show a sign of being like that again with several different ethnic groups scattered around. If each ethnic group had its individual organization, I fell that the members could get extremely complacent and start to sense a feeling of superiority. This eventually could lead to conflict with other ethnic groups throughout the campus. It is very also important to look at how other students will view these ethnic groups. Other students may not like these groups, which once again could cause conflict. Another scenario, students may feel threatened by these groups, therefore making them not want to attend class or socialize around campus. There could also be a chance that these ethnic groups could try to bring down a disliked professor or even another group. Universities un-affiliated with a religion may deal with groups with strong religious beliefs and could try to implement their religion into the university. Even schools that are represented by a religion are in danger of an ethnic group with other strong religious beliefs. With all of these problems with ethnic groups, could quickly multiply as they also act as networking groups to get more students who share the same background and beliefs to attend the school. Even graduates could carry this on to their future employers, although experts claim that no network group has ever set out to bring a company down, companies are the next things for college students and bring the risk of having their employees become far too separate from each other. The whole idea of diversity in a company is to make the work place and as uniformly supportive to all cultural backgrounds. By allowing these groups to form, the companies are moving further away from supposedly a fair and diverse population of workers. The segregation of ethnic groups from the rest of the student body largely contributes to a decline of ethnic relations on campus. If I were to see the other side of this and disagree, I would believe that if students of the same ethnic background only dined and participated in ethnic student activities, then it would not contribute to a decline of ethnic relations on campus. Instead, it would have students who tend to stay surrounded by people of the same ethnic background could feel more free, comfortable and accepted; thus bringing improvements leading to higher grades in the classroom and a more humble attitude towards life. Also being placed within a group will most likely encourage students to go out socialize, take part in campus activities, and enjoy campus life. This will lead to them interacting with people from different backgrounds. These ethnic groups can also play a vital role in campus activity by hosting fundraisers, parties, or sporting events. Another benefit to being part of an ethnic group is that many voices are better than one. So by having your voice heard out there will help put an end to any discrimination that was happening and will strengthen the campus’ ethnic relations. Future students looking to attend the school in the years to come may visit the campus and see a group of people who share the same ethnicity or interest as themselves and allure them to come to that university. These groups working as a form of networking could be a massive tool in attracting a diverse student body while at the same time strengthening ethnic relationships. Having been asked to support the statement or disagree, I would have to say that I agree with the statement. In order to be diverse, the student body as a whole it needs to be integrated at all times. It is one thing to live and be part of a group with people who share the same background; however, they should also be with people of other ethnicities and backgrounds. One group only interacting with themselves and not acknowledging other groups forms poor ethnic relations habits. I also feel that most ethnic groups will express a religion that will stir up controversy with other groups for one reason or another. By using the groups as a way to persuade new students to attend the school, the groups will quickly grow and possibly cause even more conflict to the university. Ethnic groups will bring nothing more than poor ethnic relations habits to campus and future graduates workplaces causing only a decline in ethnic relations.

Thomas Paine :: essays research papers

Author During the 1770s Thomas Paine was a political philosopher and writer. He encouraged people to fight for American independence from Britain. He is one of the more creative figures of his period. Paine talked about American revolutionary ideas with his 1776 writing, Common Sense. In the writing, Paine made a point that Great Britain was trying to corrupt the American colonies and that they contributed nothing to America’s well being. Summary Paine published this 50-page story, Common Sense, on January 10, 1776. In this essay, it said that the American colonies had received no advantage from Great Britain, which was trying to corrupt them, and that every thought of "common sense" called for the colonies to become independent and to establish a republican government of their own. The story criticized Great Britain for its corruption toward the colonies as a whole. Argument Thomas Paine’s "Common Sense" played a large part in the separation from England. Paine thought the colonies had the right to revolt against a government that imposed taxes on them but didn’t give them the right to represent them in the current government. Thomas believed there was no reason for the Colonies to stay dependent on England. He had an awesome way of persuading people to take action through his writing. Paine says that sooner or later independence from England must come, because America had lost touch with the mother country. All the arguments for separation of England are based on nothing more than the facts and arguments. Paine saw the government as a possessed demon that could only become good when it was represented truthfully and changed by elections. He uses argumentation, in that the writer presents and logically supports a particular view or opinion. Paine uses motivation by which people’s values, desires, wishes, and needs are m entioned. His writing’s brought courage in a time of need to people who wanted to become independent. At the time that Paine wrote "Common Sense" the colonies were still thinking about declaring their independence from Great Britain. Some people told their leaders in the Continental Congress to act against separation from the mother country, which made thousands of colonists undecided about what to do. Today’s Government of the United States is similar to that of England in the 1770’s. They are similar in ways such as taxes and basic ways of living. Both control our rate of taxes without our say in the matter.

Surpasing Laws for one own right :: essays research papers

Our society is an ever-growing community of law breakers, not to condemn themselves morally, but to stress what they believe to be just, and correct. Just as Martin Luther King Stepped in front of our nation and broke several laws, he did so in order to express his passionate belief of our constitution that "all men are created equal." Unfortunately, to this days we have trouble to fully synthesize are laws with our constitution, which has lead to several rules being broken, for a right cause. Currently we are still living in an unequal nation. Not necessarily ethnic issues, but our jobs are endangering the people of this country. Today thousands of workers working in meat-packing companies have been arrested, fined, sued in result of their complaints against the company for mal-treatment, violations of the job safety rules, and their health. Our president George W. Bush recently signed the Cheeseburger act, which denies any complaint against such large meat packing company, which further lets these companies continue to grow as a monopoly, and inequitable.. According to the book Fast Food Nation, thousands of people are injured, abused, and given false docter treatment that endangers their life, which is completely contrary to the basis of our working rights, and structure of this nation. And for the Higher government to support this is completely unjust, and immoral. Having thousands of injured workers apparently doesn't matter to the government, because it is from these companies that our government gets much funding. Specifically it is because of this reason that the government would never go against them, because much of their own personal funding would be gone. This is only a sample of how corrupt our government has become. Laws will continue to be broken, in order to fight for equality, life, and health from these meatpacking industrial workers, and several other dedicated workers. Gabriel Ahmoso a meatpacking employee for Tyson has upheld several courts fighting for the return of his health, family, and his old life. An immigrant from Mexico, who worked in Colorado ten years for Tyson, was forced to go late nights to fix chemical spills without the proper equipment, along with cutting meat one inch away from a person. After Losing 4 fingers, being abused, and having heart-attacks in result of the chemicals he ended up losing both his daughter and wife. Leaving him because he was continuously drinking in order to relieve the much pain he had to withstand everyday at work.

Puberty Blues Essay

The TV show I have chosen to talk to you about today is Puberty Blues. It is aired at 8:30pm, Wednesday on channel 10. It doesn’t have a specific genre, but more like a mixture. I would classify it as a teen drama. Puberty Blues doesnt work in plot twists but offers a suprising reality. The best part about the TV drama for me is how we get a glimpse into the life of a 1970’s teenager. Puberty Blues is set in Cronulla, Sydney, in the late 1970’s. Majority of the time, Debbie and Sue’s houses are used, but the ‘greenhill gang’ are also featured hanging around by the beach. Puberty Blues tells the story Debbie Vickers and Sue Knights. They are both very clever but somewhat unpopular high school girls who wants to raise their social standings in order to go out with boys. Through out the episodes we get to know the girls’ parents- Judy and Martin who are closed off and don’t interact with each other much and Pam and Roger who have a far more open relationship. The sixth episode was directed by Glendyn Ivin and written by Fiona Seresis. The main plot is when the ‘greenhill gang’ including Debbie and Sue, get wasted, go driving and flip the car, killing the driver. Any other show would have sent the characters into an instant panic but the writers of Puberty Blues understand that the shock combined with drugs would have caused everyone to burst into disbelieving laughter. The car crash wasn’t the only plot in the episode though. Debbies parents, Judy and Martin, got to couples councilling because Martin has strong feelings for a women at his work. Cheryl, a member of the ‘green hills’ gang, is flirting with her mum’s boyfriend to prove she is more desirable than her mother, who resents. The social issue pressented in the show was definitely driving under the influence. This message is easily interpreted in the car crash scene were the driver and passengers are drunk and stoned. This wasn’t my favourite episode from Puberty Blues but it was still solid like we have come to expect from this series. I would recommend the show to high school students and older as there are some mature themes and sexual references. I love this show because it takes awkward and serious situations and brings out their bright side.

Free Essays on Irony In Julius Caesar

Shakespeare’s â€Å" Julius Caesar† is defined by the timeless and masterful irony that shape the play itself .The dramatic, verbal, and situational irony that flow through the play gives the story a deeper meaning. The irony in Julius Caesar starts with the very title itself and ends with the fall of a Republic. Shakespeare utilizes and masters irony to create a true drama. Irony plays a part in the smallest of side detail to the main plot itself. Shakespeare uses irony to create a more dramatic work by pitting friend against friend; to intensify the suspense through situational irony; and to teach a valuable lesson about life itself. Dramatic irony exudes from the noble Roman statesman Brutus. Brutus proves himself as a complex man devoted to his country. Brutus fought for the good of the community over the good of the individual. The rise of power surrounding Caesar provokes Brutus to help in the murder of Caesar. Brutus was fooled into believing that the Roman Republic was threatened by the authoritarian rule that came with Caesar and his â€Å" Empire.† Brutus acted for what he believed to be the good of Rome. By killing Caesar, Brutus felt he had preserved the Republic, but ironically he did the extreme opposite. Through Caesar’s death rose his relative , Octavius, who in turn created an Empire and killed everything that Brutus had fought for. A major form of irony lies in the title of the play. The title â€Å" Julius Caesar† leads the audience or reader to presume or expect the tragic figure to indeed be Julius Caesar. A tragic figure: noble birth and overcomes a struggle or hardship. Brutus exemplifies every aspect of the definition and therefore Brutus stands as the tragic figure of â€Å" Julius Caesar.† Being a statesman and a Senator, there lies no question surrounding Brutus’ nobility. Brutus overcomes a hardship that also stands as his and the play’s defining moment. Brutus concerned himself with the good of the... Free Essays on Irony In Julius Caesar Free Essays on Irony In Julius Caesar Shakespeare’s â€Å" Julius Caesar† is defined by the timeless and masterful irony that shape the play itself .The dramatic, verbal, and situational irony that flow through the play gives the story a deeper meaning. The irony in Julius Caesar starts with the very title itself and ends with the fall of a Republic. Shakespeare utilizes and masters irony to create a true drama. Irony plays a part in the smallest of side detail to the main plot itself. Shakespeare uses irony to create a more dramatic work by pitting friend against friend; to intensify the suspense through situational irony; and to teach a valuable lesson about life itself. Dramatic irony exudes from the noble Roman statesman Brutus. Brutus proves himself as a complex man devoted to his country. Brutus fought for the good of the community over the good of the individual. The rise of power surrounding Caesar provokes Brutus to help in the murder of Caesar. Brutus was fooled into believing that the Roman Republic was threatened by the authoritarian rule that came with Caesar and his â€Å" Empire.† Brutus acted for what he believed to be the good of Rome. By killing Caesar, Brutus felt he had preserved the Republic, but ironically he did the extreme opposite. Through Caesar’s death rose his relative , Octavius, who in turn created an Empire and killed everything that Brutus had fought for. A major form of irony lies in the title of the play. The title â€Å" Julius Caesar† leads the audience or reader to presume or expect the tragic figure to indeed be Julius Caesar. A tragic figure: noble birth and overcomes a struggle or hardship. Brutus exemplifies every aspect of the definition and therefore Brutus stands as the tragic figure of â€Å" Julius Caesar.† Being a statesman and a Senator, there lies no question surrounding Brutus’ nobility. Brutus overcomes a hardship that also stands as his and the play’s defining moment. Brutus concerned himself with the good of the...

Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essays

Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essays Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essay Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essay The learners developing second language knowledge. It may have characteristics of the learners native language, characteristics of the second language, and some characteristics which seem to be very general and tend to occur in all or most interlanguage systems. Interlanguages are systematic, but they are also dynamic, continually evolving as learners receive more input and revise their hypotheses about the second language. L2 learners process through an interlanguage, which is an independent knowledge of L1 and L2 system. Interlanguage is systematic, because the learner selects the rules systematically, learners bases plans on the rule system, in the same way as the native speaker bases on the internalized knowledge of L1 system. Interlanguage is dynamic; learners interlanguage is constantly changing. The learner revises the interim system to accommodate new hypotheses about L2 system. (First introduction the new rule in one context and than another, and so on) The term interlanguage was first issued by Selinker (1972) Interlanguage refers to the structured system which learner constructs at any given stage in the development. Interlanguage refers to the series of interlocking system which form the learners built-in syllabus Corder L2 learner progress along the interlanguage continuum in the same way as it was in L1. Both L1 and L2 learners make errors in order to test out certain hypothesis about the nature of the language they are learning. The 5 principle together constitute the way in which the learner tries to internalize the L2 system. Learners have limited space for processing, cannot cope with the complex language system. Some L2 learners fail to reach the target language, because they do not reach the end of the interlanguage continuum, stop learning, when their interlanguage contains some rules different from the rules of the target language. This is called fossilization. Fossilization occurs in most language learners. Fossilized structure can be realized as errors or as correct target language forms. If the learner has reached the stage of development, in which 1 feature in the interlanguage has assumed the same form in the target language, than fossilization of the correct form will occur. If the learner has reached the stage of development in which the feature does not have the same form as the target language, the fossilization will occur as an error. In that case the fossilization occur, because the learner believes that he does not need to develop his interlanguage any further, in order to communicate effectively. We know from Chomsky, that children acquire languages, because of the existence of the childs acquisition device, which changes with age and its not possible after puberty. The question: How do adults succeed in learning L2, if the acquisition device is not possible for them any more? As Selinker argued that those adults, who successfully achieve native-speaker proficiency in the TL, do so, because they continue to make use of acquisition device and they are able to transform the universal grammar into the structure of the grammar of the target language. But those adults who cannot achieve proficiency is because, they are unable to reactivate the acquisition device. Until 1960, the prevention of errors was more important, than the identification of errors. It was Corder, who first realised the importance of analysing the learners errors (1967). As I said before, both L1L2 learners make errors in order to test out certain hypothesis about the nature of the language, they are learning. Corder saw the making of errors as a strategy, evidence of learners internal processing. This was in opposition of the view of behaviourist psychology, presented in the Contrastive Analysis before. Because Contrastive analysis believed that errors produced by the L2 learner, result from the interference of L1,Contrastive analysis was based on the comparison of L1 and L2, and teacher were aware of the errors. The new interest in errors was the recognition that they provide information about the process of acquisition.

Must-Know Vocabulary for French Restaurant Dining

Must-Know Vocabulary for French Restaurant Dining Knowing how to conduct yourself and order food in a  French restaurant can be a little tricky. There are some  important differences between restaurants in France and other countries, including what foods are offered and how they are prepared. Even the way dishes are listed on most  French menus  is a little different. Knowing the terms to use in most French restaurants- and especially learning how to pronounce them correctly- is the key to ensuring that your restaurant experience is enjoyable and that you receive the food you want. Understanding what your waiter is asking you or what the menu says- from Quest-ce  que  je  vous  sers? (What can I get you?) to service  compris (tip included)- will soon have your server and others wishing you:  Bon appà ©tit! (Enjoy your meal!). French Restaurant Terms and Pronunciations The table below contains key French restaurant terms followed by their English translations. Click on the French words and phrases to hear how to pronounce them correctly. French Term English Translation commander to order Vous avez choisi? Have you decided? Que voudriez-vous? Vous dsirez? What would you like? Je vous coute. What would you like? (Literally, Im listening to you.) Que prenez-vous? What are you having? Quest-ce que je vous sers? What can I get you? Je voudrais... Jaimerais... I would like... Je vais prendre... Je prends... Ill have... Combien cote...? How much does ... cost? Cest votre got? Do you like it? Is everything ok? Cest termin? Have you finished? a a t? Was everything ok? Je suis... I am... allergique ... allergic to... diabtique diabetic vgtarien / vgtarienne vegetarian vgtalien / vgtalienne vegan Je ne peux pas manger... I cant eat... bleu, saignant very rare ros rare point medium-rare bien cuit well done le serveur (not garon) waiter la serveuse waitress le/la chef cook le menu fixed-price meal la carte menu la carte side order laddition check/bill le socle base of credit card machine le pourboire tip service compris tip included service non compris tip not included A la vtre! Cheers! Bon apptit Enjoy your meal dfense de fumer no smoking les animaux sont interdits no pets allowed A Typical French Restaurant Dialogue Now that you know the key terms you might need to know to dine in a French restaurant, scan the table below to study a typical dialogue that might occur between a serveur  (server) and à ©tudiant  (student). The first column lists the speaker, the second gives the French dialogue, and the third provides the English translation. Serveur Bonsoir Monsieur/Madame. Good evening sir/maam. tudiant Bonsoir Madame/Monsieur. Je voudrais une table pour trois personnes, pour dner, sil vous plat. Good evening maam/sir. I would like a table for 3, for dinner, please. Serveur Vous avez une reservation? Do you have a reservation? tudiant Non, je nai pas de reservation. No, I dont have a reservation. Serveur Pas de problme. Voici une table pour 3 personnes, et voici la carte. No problem. Here is a table for 3, and here is the menu. tudiant Merci Madame/Monsieur. Sil vous plat. Thank you maam/sir. Excuse me? Serveur Oui Monsieur/Madame ? Yes sir/maam ? tudiant Je voudrais de leau. I would like some water. Serveur Oui Monsieur/Madame. Et pour dner, vous avez choisi ? Yes sir/maam. And for dinner, have you decided? tudiant Je voudrais le menu 15 Euros. I would like the set price menu for 15 Euros. Serveur Oui. En entre ? Yes. For the appetizer? tudiant Je voudrais le pat. I would like the pat. Serveur Et en plat principal. And for your main course? tudiant Je voudrais le steak frites. I would like the steak with French fries. Serveur Bien Monsieur/Madame, quelle cuisson ? OK sir/maam, how would you like it cooked? tudiant Bien cuit, sil vous plat. Non, point, sil vous plat. Well done please. No, medium rare, please. Serveur En dessert? For dessert? tudiant Une glace la vanille. Et, excusez-moi Madame/ Monsieur, o sont les toilettes ? Vanilla ice cream. And, excuse me maam/sir, where is the restroom? Serveur Au sous-sol. In the basement. tudiant Je ne comprends pas. Vous pouvez rpter sil vous plat ? I dont understand. Could you repeat please? Serveur Au sous sol. Vous descendez lescalier. In the basement. Go down the stairs. tudiant Oh, je comprends maintenant. Merci. Ah, now I understand. Thank you. Serveur Comment vous trouvez votre steak frites ? How is your steak? tudiant Cest dlicieux. Cest parfait. Its delicious. Its perfect. tudiant Laddition sil vous plat. May I have the check, please? Serveur Bien Monsieur/Madame. Vous pouvez payer la caisse. OK sir/maam. You can pay at the register.

Assignment 7 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

7 - Assignment Example They are therefore in any way not guilty of the accusations against them. Based on the Rowley family understanding of the FAPE, their daughter was entitled freely to have a sign language interpreter attend all her classes to aid in her learning despite the education board proving that she was fine in classes and performed above avarage with the help of the FM hearing aid kit. The accused, the education board, however, did yield to the demands of the Rowley’s because they saw it unnecessary to have the sign language interpreter assist the young girl in her education. The education Board agreed to this decision after conducting several tests to determine whether the pupil required the help of the sign language interpreter. The first reason to my conformance with the decision of the Supreme Court, based on the FAPE requirements is that the acts provide for and I quote, â€Å"we hold that the state has satisfied the FAPE requirements by providing personal instructions with sufficient support services to allow the child to benefit her education from that instruction† (Rowley p. 203-204) this means that the Education acted in the best interest of the FAPE requirements. My second conformance reason is that the Educational board were right to deny the Rowley’s daughter Amy the aid of a sign language interpreter because she was a great lip reader and her prior teachings allowed her to maximize her own capabilities resulting to her impressive above average performance in her kindergarten studies. These results indicated that she was capable of achieving good grades without the assistance of the sign language interpreter. Based on my own understanding and personal judgment, the Supreme Court rulings were correct. To begin with, the fact that the FAPE requires that a child be admitted to a public institution freely and be provided with the necessary tools to aid their education, do not promise availing of the same through thoughts

The Cries of a Woman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cries of a Woman - Research Paper Example Hemingway’s approach of writing style conceals the significance of the tale revealing the interactions involving men and women of the time, which is symptomatic of a patriarchal society. On the surface, Hemmingway's narrative gives the notion that this couple has mixed feelings over what to do regarding a pregnancy. Through Jig readers realize there is no resolution left to be achieved within the community of 1930's, as society during this time is rigid. The societal composition of this time disregards the capability of females to make such choices individually. Pro-choice was not also a concept during this era, marked by male dominance in the legal and societal scene (Rankin 234). It would be a while before females would in fact empower to decide with their bodies and future. Jig is denied freedom of choice and this has left her in her circumstances. Her absolute reliance upon the American has bestowed him the power over her to act, as he desires (Hemingway 232). Sadly, Jig w ould encompass many years before the condition would revolutionize. Hemingway creates a female character who is remarkable and who has her opinion, even though she does not have a say in her future as well as her imminent abortion. When Jig comments about the hills at the other side of the station and says they look like white elephants, the American disregards her view. This is the girl’s way of suggesting the true emotions regarding her dilemma, which she remains incapable of communicating straightforwardly to the American. The man cannot put himself in her place and thus replies to her thought about the white elephants by saying â€Å"I’ve never seen one† and her sardonic reply is â€Å"No, you wouldn’t have† (Hemmingway 229) He describes the abortion as a very easy procedure, he says â€Å"it’s not really an operation at all†¦It’s just to let the air in† (Hemingway 230). When Jig enquires about what would ensue after t he abortion, and whether they would be happy, the man retorts in an affirmative manner and says that he had known many people who had done it. Jig holds up her end of the unpleasant conversation, although she appears resigned to what the American believes to be right, the abortion. Jig observations, attitude, and sarcasm create a female character who is fearful, angry, and entrapped by the wish for â€Å"things to be like they were† (Hemingway 230). Jig is a credible woman struggling against a man whose swallow and self-centered wish is to have only her, but not their child and thus regarding abortion like the only possible answer. By agreeing to the man’s wish of an abortion, Jig represents the inferior part in the relationship. The man overly simplifies abortion as a painless operation and views the pregnancy as an obstacle to their relationship. The exchange reveal that the man wants their essentially swallow relationship to continues as it has and that Jig wants to move it to a firmer ground (Nolan 19). Throughout the story, the man presents the rigid concept of masculinity; he is portrayed as a worldly, omniscient, knowledgeable and always in control of himself as well as the situation at hand. He is also cool and feigns indifference, for instance, when he tells Jig that he does not care whether she aborts the kid or not.

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Essay - 8

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business - Essay Example In this case, Green Parma validly withdrew the offer before it had not yet been accepted by the clients; as such the vendor cannot make claims for any damages. Yes. This promise can be enforced. This is because there is an offer, consideration and acceptance of the remunerative gift for the hard work (McKendrick, 2012). Although, one may argue that there is no valid agreement with Tania such promises of gift are deemed as having been accepted when there is no counter-offer by the beneficiary or where an open refusal of the same is lacking. In respect of the ruling in Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223, this promise can be enforced on the grounds that Tania in her supervisory capacity â€Å"willingly† made a compensatory â€Å"offer† to me; as such I developed reasonable expectations that are enforceable. Yes. This contract is legally enforceable. Courts often hold that there is a valid contract where the parties involved are in agreement to perform each of their side of the bargain. In light of this, using Joe’s car obligates me to make contributions towards the purchase of the fuel. However, my refusal to board his car would mean a refusal of the offer and the subsequent legal relations required under the enforcement of a valid contract. The warranty contract between Alban and Brenda’s Garage Ltd ended after 3 months of the purchase. Brenda’s Garage Ltd gave him the option to extend the guarantee for two years at the price of  £350, which would have extended the parameters of his claims. Therefore, the expiry of the warranty then raises the issue of whether Brenda is under the obligation to service the material damage to its engine and gearbox. It can be argued that the warranty was valid because it met the conditions of reasonableness; and the car was of merchantable quality at the time of the purchase. Any defects in the engine and the gearbox could have been noticed by the

IT Company and Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IT Company and Globalization - Essay Example This report aims to offer an insight into the effort of an organisation to maintain its sustainability with the development of different marketing strategies to retain the pertaining competitive advantages and introduce new advantages over the competitors. The strategies have been discussed in light with the relative theories. Information technology has been a significant influential factor to shape up any company’s presence in the global market. As the numbers of elements in the business network have been increasing, maintaining the relationship between the elements has been becoming more and more difficult. This report aims to explore the contribution of the information technology to offer a sustainable position in the international business environment. A conclusion has been inferred from the analysis of the organisation’s marketing strategies to the enhancement and evolvement of new competitive advantages. Skype has brought revolution in the world of communication. Globally, a huge number of people use their product to make free audio and video calls, share files with other users, worldwide. The organisation was institutionalised in the year of 2003. Based in Luxemburg, the organisation has its offices in the Europe, United States and Asia regions. In the third quarter of the year 2009, the Skype users made 3.1 billion minutes of calls to various landlines and mobiles, spread worldwide. This leading internet communication company has reported of 20 million people to be online in the pick hours. The wide range of products and services has given Skype to be one of the leaders in global internet communications medium. â€Å"What’s most important, however, is what Skype can do. Voice and video calling, IM and SMS are now available on a wide range of operating systems and mobile devices† (Skype, n.d.). Skype has been software to bind the world in a single thread. This has bee n quite appreciated to help the people to cut on their costs as they are now

Week 2 discussion and participation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 2 discussion and participation - Essay Example The author of the article claims that the basic principle is focus. A great example illustrated in the article regarding focus was the case of Dell Corporation. Dell was able to penetrate the computer marketplace and increase its market share by focusing on the direct sales marketplace. The acronym developed the authors of the article was very practical. FOCVS is the acronym created in the article. The FOCVS system can be used by marketers to implement marketing strategies. F stands for first. It is common marketing knowledge that the first company that penetrates a marketplace will built a competitive advantage over the competition. O stands for do the opposite. Marketers can differentiate themselves by doing the opposite of the competition. C stands for category dominance. When marketers concentrate on one category of products they can build greater organizational knowledge which helps innovate within its category. V stand for visualizing the market. The use of a great image for a product can enable marketers to captivate the minds of its clientele. The last letter stands for second brands. More brands give marketers more options. The carnival cruise line presentation provided a lot of valuable knowledge for marketing students. Customer centricity allows companies to achieve a better relationship between the company and the clients. The use of segmentation is a great way for marketers to identify the customer attributes that can add value to a firm. For example if the demographics of a country are that 60% of populations are women companies should develop more consumer products for females. The marketing metrics calculated by the marketing department must be used as tools to implement marketing tactics. The performance of the marketing department is greater when strategies can be implemented faster. Segmentation is a marketing strategy that can provide a lot value to the customers. Segmentation can be used by

IT Company and Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IT Company and Globalization - Essay Example This report aims to offer an insight into the effort of an organisation to maintain its sustainability with the development of different marketing strategies to retain the pertaining competitive advantages and introduce new advantages over the competitors. The strategies have been discussed in light with the relative theories. Information technology has been a significant influential factor to shape up any company’s presence in the global market. As the numbers of elements in the business network have been increasing, maintaining the relationship between the elements has been becoming more and more difficult. This report aims to explore the contribution of the information technology to offer a sustainable position in the international business environment. A conclusion has been inferred from the analysis of the organisation’s marketing strategies to the enhancement and evolvement of new competitive advantages. Skype has brought revolution in the world of communication. Globally, a huge number of people use their product to make free audio and video calls, share files with other users, worldwide. The organisation was institutionalised in the year of 2003. Based in Luxemburg, the organisation has its offices in the Europe, United States and Asia regions. In the third quarter of the year 2009, the Skype users made 3.1 billion minutes of calls to various landlines and mobiles, spread worldwide. This leading internet communication company has reported of 20 million people to be online in the pick hours. The wide range of products and services has given Skype to be one of the leaders in global internet communications medium. â€Å"What’s most important, however, is what Skype can do. Voice and video calling, IM and SMS are now available on a wide range of operating systems and mobile devices† (Skype, n.d.). Skype has been software to bind the world in a single thread. This has bee n quite appreciated to help the people to cut on their costs as they are now

Produce an annotated bibliography based on the identification and Essay

Produce an annotated bibliography based on the identification and critical review of web sites on Dutch housing, - Essay Example try of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment delivers messages to viewers with information related to how people in the Netherlands could maintain the welfare of the society in terms of the need for nature, space and raw materials or the use of land for local government project and private housing including areas or building projects that will be designed for business purposes. Considering that the main goal of VROM is to make policy that will promote peace and harmony with its current social, technological and political developments (VROM International, 2008a), the website offers information related to most recent issues on Dutch Spatial Planning such as: (1) the 21st century Dutch housing policies; and (2) the 5th National Policy Document on spatial planning 2000/2020; as well as the English version of the Housing policy document entitled â€Å"What People Want, Where People Live† which was published back on April 2001. (VROM International, 2008b) Aside from providing information related to spatial planning, housing, topical, integration of people belonging to different social groups, and communities, VROM International website also offers useful information on environmental protection related to: climate change; acidification; eutrophication; toxic and hazardous substances; contaminated land; waste disposal; disturbance; and groundwater depletion. (VROM International, 2008c) Available in Dutch and English language, the website of Waterland provides the viewers with information related to water management. Aside from providing sufficient data related to the importance of water engineering such as: dredging, flood control, coastal zone engineering, engineering in river basins, and offshore civil engineering; the website discuss issues on new policy concerning the Dutch water management particularly on integrated river basin, urban water management, coastal zone management, and groundwater. (Waterland, 2008a) Other water related information that has

The Decision Making Process How Communication Is Important Essay Example for Free

The Decision Making Process How Communication Is Important Essay Good decision making is an essential skill for career success generally, and effective leadership particularly. If you can learn to make timely and well-considered decisions, then you can often lead your team to spectacular and well deserved success. However, if you make poor decisions your organization can tumble. Regardless of the size of business you are in whether a large corporation, a small company, or even a home based business effective communication skills are essential for success especially when a decision has to be made. Decision making in management is an important skill and making the right decisions is essential. Every manager should be looking to improve their decision making skills and communication skills. The process of business decision making is of the utmost importance for effective management. Decision making process in management must be informed by expert knowledge and experience in all departments. â€Å"The decision-making role in organizations is crucial. If things are going smoothly, there is not much for management to do, but if things go wrong or new opportunities arise, somebody has to decide on hiring and firing workers, investing in new machines or scrapping old ones, marketing new products and dropping old ones, and how to raise the necessary finance. † (Fong, Kwok, 2005) The role of management is to take these decisions, communicate with all the departments in the organization that are involved, and make the right decision. The people who do the managing, this may involve a members of the organizations at different ranks, with subordinates, branch, or assistant managers exercising limited caution, and the managing director as the overall boss of an organization, laying down general outline of policy, all of the people can help to carry out the decisions. They all need to communicate and bring out their point of views before making a decision. â€Å"The six step decision making process is a balanced decision making process. It is based upon thinking about, comparing and evaluating various alternatives. † (Dollak, 2008) Each step must be completed before going to the next step. And occasionally it may be necessary to go back several steps to more fully complete them before moving forward again. The steps are: * define the situation and the desired outcome * research and identify options * compare and contrast each alternative and its consequences * choose an alternative * design and implement an action plan * evaluate results Decision making is at the heart of business operations. High quality decision making is essential for businesses to succeed and prosper, and communication is really crucial during that time. Unfortunately, the decision process is hard to pin down and understand and often receives far less attention than it deserves. The future of ones business is written in the decisions of today. Every effort to make those decisions of high quality will be rewarded. Organizational decision making involves translating inputs of information to outputs of courses of action and implies that the capacity to act depends on a shared understanding among organizational members. â€Å"Interactive communication and decision making within the organization and any group within the organization, at that time there will be varied opinions on the suitable actions to take in any scenario but these differences exist within a structure of shared values and agreed procedures. † (Kelly, 1994) Decision making and communication in organization go hand in hand, one relates to another, and they are both essential in any organization.

Determination of Sodium Thiopental Using Gold Nanoparticles

Determination of Sodium Thiopental Using Gold Nanoparticles Development of a new colorimetric method for the determination of sodium thiopental using gold nanoparticles Sodium thiopental (sodium pentothal) is in a group of drugs called barbiturates.this barbiturate commonly used anesthetic induction agents in man and animals because recovery is rapid and it has the advantage of having very little or no side effects[1].It is used for intensive-care patients with head injuries to control convulsions and reduce raised intracranial pressure[2]. As a resultmonitoring of theserum concentrations is important in this patient population. Several analytical procedures have been reported for the quantitative determination of thiopental. Among these high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are more popular. HPLC assays are not completely reliable, and do not have the short process-time required in most of the above-mentioned indications[3, 4]. other methods are available for determining thiopental including stripping voltammetry[5],membrane sensors[6],capacitive chemical sensor [7],gas chromatography (GC)[8],spectrophotometric and spectrophotofluorometric[9, 10]. Donald et al[11]reported that, after the usual 4.8 mg/kg induction doses, thiopental concentration in serum as a function of time varies between 10 mg/L to 25 mg/L during 50h.As stated before most of these currently used methods for sodium thiopental detection usually need expensive and complicated instruments and are time-consuming, making on-site and real-time thiopental detection difficult. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple reliable and hig hly sensitive method for on-site and real-time detection of sodium thiopental. Recently, gold nanoparticles (NPs) explored for metallic NP-based colorimetric detection have attracted considerable attention due to biocompatibility, stability, and high extinction coefficients[12]. gold nanoparticles present size-dependent optical properties owing to the surface plasma resonance(SPR)[12]. The color of the colloidal Au NPs can be readily and precisely changed via aggregation of Au NPs.Au NPs were widely applied in colorimetric detection of several analytes such as protein, DNA, metal ions and small molecules[ ]. In this study, we used gold nanoparticles as a colorimetric probe for sensitive and selective detection of sodium thiopental. The gold nanoparticles were prepared using the classical citrate method [12].thiopental on the surface of AuNPs displaced the stabilizing citrate ions because thiol group of sodium thiopental tends to readily adsorb onto the surface of colloidal gold via chemisorptions-type interactions. The thiopental capped Au NPs were stable at basic and neutral conditions .Puntes et al [13] have studied the stability of cationic gold nanoparticle bioconjugates as a function of pH and the presence of citrate in solution. The pH of an aqueous solution of thiopental-Au NPs was varied by direct addition of citrate buffer. the thiopental-Au NPs can be aggregated by adding certain amounts of citrate buffer due to the electrostatic attraction between amino group contained in thiopental molecular and citrate ion on the surface of Au NPs, the amino group of the thiopental would be positively charged at the given pH value and they would therefore interact electrostatically with the negative charges of the citrate molecules. Thus forcing the aggregation of the conjugated Au NPs and subsequently resulting in the color change from wine red to purple or blue color.So that we detected it by UV–Vis spectrophotometer and paptode techniques and contrast both methods.First time at 2004 paptode was developed in Dr. Abbaspour group for speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) and the full range pH monitoring [14]. Then it was used for the determination of dopamine [15], hydrazine [16]. In paptode, conventional à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡atbed -scanner (as a nondestructive detector) was used to acquire the analytical parameters for quantitative determination of analyte that occurs via colorimetric reaction. The estimated re à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ection density, as an analytical parameter, is obtained from an area of the sensing zone of spots using the average Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B) channel. Degrees of the color of the spots are found to be proportional to the concentration of the testedanalyte. Experimental section: Reagents: HAuCl4.3H2O, trisodium citrate and citric acid were purchased from Sigma. Thiopental was obtained from Biochemie (Kundl, Austria) and zinc sulfate purchased from Fluka All solutions were prepared with ultrapure water Apparatus and software: The colorimetric study of NPs were performed by means of a Shimadzu 1601PC UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Kyoto, Japan)from 300 to 700 nm. Also a Canon scanner were used to record the color changes in paptode technique. The paptode Cells were built by creation of the holes (i.d 1.5 cm) in the sheet of plexiglas (thickness 0.9 cm). We used by photoshop Cs6 software to convert the recorded pictures of color of cells to RGB (Red, Green and Blue) and L*a*b data. The morphology and size of the nanoparticles were characterized by a transmission electron microscope (TEM model CM10; Philips). The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained by using a D8 ADVANCE type (BRUKER-Germany) with Cu-KÃŽ ± radiation (ÃŽ »= 0.1542 nm). Powder XRD patterns were taken in 0.02 ° steps at 1 s per step. All the experiments were carried out at room temperature(25  ± 2 C) Synthesis of citrate-stabilized Au nanocrystals: Nanoparticles of noble metal were prepared by classical citrate method[12].the10ml of 0.014M of trisodium citrate dehydrate solution was added quickly to the 100ml of boiling solution of 0.5mM of HAuCl4.3H2O under magnetic stirring. The stirring was continued until a dark red color was observed (around 20 min) and the maximum absorbance of AuNPs solution was centered at 520 nm Sample preparation: Fresh human blood samples (2.0 mL) were obtained from volunteers of the local hospital. After letting sample stand for 60 min at room temperature we centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was used as the source of the serum. We used zinc sulfate method as a deproteinization technique[]: we vortex-mix for 10s of the 10ml of serum sample and 150mg zinc sulfate, then we centrifuged the mixture at 3000 rpm for 20 min. The supernatant, which excluded protein, was used for further analysis. Procedures for the detection of sodium thiopental: In a typical detection of sodium thiopental, different amounts of thiopental solution were added to the above XmlAu NPs solutions at room temperature. we proceeded to study the behavior of the conjugated system by modifying the pH . To investigate the effect of pH of the buffer solutions on thiopental detection, 0.5 mL of 0.1 M buffer solution (citric buffer solution in the pH range of 3.0–6.0 ) was added in mixture of thiopental and Au NPs solution. The obvious color change was observed with the naked eye and the absorbance spectra and scanning images of the solution were recorded 1 min after the addition of citrate buffer. In spectroscopy technique ,The concentration of sodium thiopental was quantified by the absorption ratio (A670/A520). Results and discussion Citrate was chosen as the stabilizer for AuNPs because it is negatively charged, and can act as a stabilizingagent to disperse AuNPs in aqueous solutions. The Au NPs after synthesis showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 405 nm (Fig. 1a). the addition of sodium thiopental doesn’t led to a color change of Au NPsin ultrapure water, although the thiol group of sodium thiopental tends to readily adsorb onto the surface of Au NPs.The pH of AuNPs solution in present of sodium thiopental is 10.2 and Puntes et al[13]reportedthat the presence of charged molecules insolution may induce NPs aggregation by bridging particlestogether. It was observed that multiple electrostatic interactions between the conjugates mediated by cross-linking species led to an effective strong bond and consequently to irreversible aggregation and precipitation. So that at the given pH value , charge of thiopental can be change and thenthe color of the colloidal thiopental-Au NPs can be changed to blu e (broad band above 600 nm).*Scrutiny of pH/Concentrate diagrams of citrate and thiopental shows that at the pH of between 5 to 7 , charge of citrate and thiopental can benegative and neutralfig S1. But when sodium thiopental add to AuNPs solution, the S- group in the sodium thiopental provides a strong affinity for gold. So that orbital of thiol group of thiopentalinvolved for Au NPs surface and when pH change from 10.2 to 6 , the amino group of the thiopental would be accepted H + and get positive charge. In present of excesscitrate at the pH of 6 , thiopental-AuNPscan be aggregated via electrostatic attraction between the citrate ions and the thiopental. So that in this study we used citrate buffer solutionfor control of pH( in the pH range of 3.0–6.0) and source of citrate (as a bridging factor). The aggregation mechanism of Au NPs is illustrated in Fig. 1. Optimization pH and time we proceeded to study the behavior of the conjugated system by modifying the pH( 7.1-5.4). The pH of an aqueous solution of0.00001M thiopental capped AuNPs was varied by direct addition of 0.05Mcitrate buffer to the solution andThe UV-Vis spectrum wasmonitored and the extinction ratio of absorbance at 600 nm to 420 nm (A600/A410) is plotted against the pH inFig. 3A. The thiopental-capped Au NPs were stable at basic and neutral conditions.When the pH of the solution was below the 6.4 , Au NPs agglomerated.the aggregation was solely due to the bridging citrate between the amine functionality.Onthe basis of this optimization experiment, the pH was set to 6.2 to achieve a best aggregationFig. 3A.When the pH was decreased immediately from 5.4 after the addition of the citrate buffer scatteringwasobserved.Fig. 3A illustrates theabsorption spectra of AuNPs at different pH value. At the concentration of sodium thiopental as 0.00001M, the extinction ratio ofA650/A520 at room temperatureexhibited a rapid increaseduring the first 1.5min,then increased gradually from 1 min to 18 min and then remained constantFig 3B. Thus, the detection time was chosen as 20 min. We choseto use the absorbance ratio at 500 and 600 wavelengths to quantify thecolor of the system,thecolor change at various sodium thiopental concentrations were monitored byUV/Vis spectroscopyfig4A.Quantitative analysis was performed by monitoringthe absorbanceat 1minute after the addition of citrate buffer Fig4B .The linear range, detection limit and reproducibilityof the method were evaluated under the optimumconditions.Thecalibration curve for sodium thiopental was linear in two ranges of( †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. To †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦) with correlation coefficients 0.9981 and0.9979, respectively. The Experimental detection limit has been obtained as 2 µM. The relative standard deviation(R.S.D.) for1.0Ãâ€"10−8M thiopental measurementwas2.7% (n=11)Fig4A .when thiopental concentrationincreased above 0.0005M, scattering was observed fig3B because thiopental polymerized white citrate molecule. So that we tried paptode techniques to resolve thisproblem FigS1. Although the higher concentrations of sodium thiopental was determined by paptode, but the limit of detection was rather high (LOD 10  µM) in comparison to the spectrophotometric method. The detailed procedure for sodium thiopental determination by the paptode method is explained in supporting information. To test the selectivity of the above method for sodium thiopental, we testing the response of the assay to some potential interference species and structurally similar to the sodium thiopental such as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.in optimum condition and different concentration .the results areshown in bar diagramFigure 8 .red barsexhibit Color changes of the solution in thepresence of various interference species at concentrations of 10mMand bluebars exhibit Color changes in presence ofinterference species at real concentration in serum ( 1M cysteine, 2M†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦), The maximum absorption wavelength of AuNPs did notchange in the presence of the tested species, Except for cysteineat concentrations of 10mM. Therefore, AuNPs had good selectivity for sodium thiopental detection in optimum condition in the serum. Colorimetric detection of sodium thiopental in serum: To validate the reliability of the proposed method for sodium thiopental detection in real samples, The unknown amounts of thiopental were added to thethree different human serum samples before samplespre-treatment .Detecting of sodium thiopental in a serum is not easy because of the serum constituents.the color of the Au NPs was not stable by the addition of the blank serum. So that it mustdiluted ten times. As regardsthe calibration curve for detection thiopental by this methodand dilution of serum and thiopental concentration in serum as a function of time varies after the usual 4.8 mg/kg induction doses [] , we can detect sodium thiopental in human serumbefore 3 hour.samples were determined by both the AuNP-based method reported herein and the standard addition method. Satisfactory results and recoveries as shown in Table 2. The satisfactory results obtained indicate that proposed sensors can be applied to real sample assays. [1] H. Russo, F. Bressolle, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 35 (1998) 95-134. [2] R.I. Katz, J.T. Skeen, C. Quartararo, P.J. Poppers, Anesthesia Analgesia, 66 (1987) 1328-1330. [3] H. Russo, J.L. Allaz, F. Bressolle, Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 694 (1997) 239-245. [4] G. Coppa, R. Testa, A.M. Gambini, I. Testa, M. Tocchini, A.R. Bonfigli, Clinica Chimica Acta, 305 (2001) 41-45. [5] A.M.M. Ali, O.A. Farghaly, M.A. Ghandour, Analytica Chimica Acta, 412 (2000) 99-110. [6] N.M.H. Rizk, A.-H.M. Othman, Analytical Sciences, 21 (2005) 107-110. [7] M. Najafi, A.A. Baghbanan, Electroanalysis, 24 (2012) 1236-1242. [8] W.R. Kà ¼lpmann, Z. Anal. Chem., 311 (1982) 409. [9] G.A. Saleh, Talanta, 46 (1998) 111-121. [10] P.G. Dayton, J.M. Perel, M.A. Landrau, L. Brand, L.C. Mark, Biochemical Pharmacology, 16 (1967) 2321-2336. [11] D. Jung, M. Mayersohn, D. Perrier, Clinical Chemistry, 27 (1981) 113-115. [12] M.-C. Daniel, D. Astruc, Chemical Reviews, 104 (2004) 293-346. [13] I. Ojea-JimeÃÅ' nez, V. Puntes, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131 (2009) 13320-13327. [14] A. Abbaspour, M.A. Mehrgardi, A. Noori, M.A. Kamyabi, A. Khalafi-Nezhad, M.N. Soltani Rad, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 113 (2006) 857-865. [15] A. Abbaspour, A. Khajehzadeh, A. Ghaffarinejad, Analyst, 134 (2009) 1692-1698. [16] A. Abbaspour, E. Mirahmadi, A. Khajehzadeh, Analytical Methods, 2 (2010) 349-353.

Cuban Economics Essay -- Essays Papers

Introduction Modern Cuba is a country born of struggle. The revolutionary movement that formed the modern day government has remained in power for more than forty years. Indeed, the Cuban government is perhaps one of the most stable governments in the region. This fact is made even more evident by the recent fall of democracy in Haiti. However, the past ten years has seen a marked change in Cuban economic policy. Ostracized from the international community and faced with an embargo imposed by the United States, Cuba has turned to various sources of economic reform in order to survive in a global market. Background (1959 – 1991) During the early period after the revolution, Cuba’s primary economic base was based upon one agricultural resource: sugar (Packenham, pg. 137). Without a diversified agricultural or industrial base, Cuba was forced to become dependent on the only superpower that shared its political ideology, the Soviet Union. Indeed, Cuban trade with the Soviet Union reached a level of 69 percent in 1978, a level equivalent to the amount of trade conducted with the United States prior to the revolution (Packenham, pg. 139). As Cuba entered the 1980’s, it was plagued with the same problems that had plagued it since its inception: dependence on one agricultural produce and on one major trading partner. In the estimate of Carmelo Mesa-Lago, most of the Cuban growth from 1960-1984 came as a result of the $40 billion in Soviet aid (â€Å"Cuban Economy†, pg. 187). Leading up to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cuban economy was in a terrible condition. In 1986, the economic growth in planned prices was only 1.4 percent compared to a planned rate of 3 percent. Labor productivity fell 1.6 per... ...orida Press (1994). Packenham, Robert A., â€Å"Cuba and the USSR since 1959: What Kind of Dependency†, pgs. 135-165 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban Communism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989). Perez-Lopez, Jorge F., Cuba’s Second Economy: From Behind the Scenes to Center Stage, Transaction Publishers (1995). Theriot, Lawrence H., â€Å"Cuba Faces the Economic Realities of the 1980’s†, pgs. 257-276 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban Communism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989). Watson, Hilbourne A., â€Å"The Techno-Paradigm Shift, Globalization, and Western Hemisphere Integration Trends and Tendencies: Mapping Issues in the Economic and Social Evolution of the Caribbean†, pgs. 59-88 in Joseph S. Tulchin, Andres Serbin, and Rafael Hernandez eds., Cuba and the Caribbean: Regional Issues and Trends in the Post-Cold War Era, Scholarly Resources (1997).

Free Great Gatsby Essays: East and West :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Division between East and West in The Great Gatsby  Ã‚   The division between East and West is a significant theme in The Great Gatsby. The author has projected the historical East/West division of the States on the division of class and society in the 20th century. The Mid-West, which represents the new territory of hope and the old pioneer spirit, corresponds to West Egg in New York. For Fitzgerald, there was a certain old-fashioned stability resting on the old, unchanging values and close relationships. Some of these values are: honesty, human respect, divinity, idealism, romanticism, faith, ambition, community, and other spiritual values which are all personified in Gatsby. The novel mirrors the East-West divide of the whole country in the division between West Egg and East Egg. Nick and Gatsby live on West Egg, which means that they have retained their closeness to western values. The Buchanans on the other hand have become Easterners, they represent the corruption of the East. The main characters, Daisy, Nick, Gatsby, and Tom are all from the Mid-west. While Tom and Daisy Buchanan live an East Egg, being attracted by its glamour, excitement and promise of success, Nick enjoys living on West Egg. He mentions the friendship between Mid-Westerners, who are brought together by their extremely long and cold winters (in contrast to the New York summers' heat). Nick's neighbor Gatsby is a wealthy person, who spends a lot of money giving parties for strangers only to meet Daisy, the dream of his life. He is seen as representing "new money" because he has no good education and no family background over several generations, he is self-made, invented by himself. For this reason, he is not accepted as being dignified enough to enter the exclusive "old money" upper class. Tom and Daisy are "old money", rich and from old established families living on East Egg, which the millionaires inhabit. The East symbolizes fashionable life, sophistication, the "modern society" and the land where anything can happen. This is the world of brutality, corruption, carelessness, materialism and failure of emotion. By moving to the East, the Buchanans lose contact with the deeper values. They are superficial, aimless, irresponsible, empty and lonely. They have no desires, their talks are meaningless and their spiritual values are forgotten or dumped. Another symbol of the East is the Centre of New York.

Shakespeare’s play Essay

Explore the dramatic techniques used by Henry V to inspire his men before the battle of Agincourt. William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Henry V† is set in 1415, when Henry becomes King Henry V of England. As a young man Henry enjoyed drinking and the company of women. When he became King Henry changed, he wanted to be taken seriously and to be treated like an adult, so he gave up drinking. Henry was angry and insulted by a birthday present of a box of tennis balls from the King of France, Henry thought the King of France was suggesting that he was still a boy and not a man capable of ruling England. To prove he was a man Henry ordered the invasion of France. Henry’s first battle was the Siege of Horfieur Henry V where he inspired his troops with a speech before leading them into battle. Henry said they had to behave like tigers and show no fear only strength. The next battle was the Battle of Agincourt, Henry’s troops were exhausted after their last battle and were out numbered five to one. But Henry tries to inspire them again for the last time he starts off talking dramatically about death, â€Å"if we are marked to die, we are enough to do our country loss. † I think he is saying that if the English are meant to lose the battle then it is better that they die, than thousands more if they wait for help. Then he goes on to say, â€Å"if to live, the fewer men, the greater the share of honour† if they fight there is a chance that only a few will survive and these few men will have gained honour. After this he stops talking about death and attempts to be more positive and tries to get his troops off the subject of death and to think about the honour that will achieve. Henry attempts to make them closer and tries to unite them as a family, by saying, â€Å"I who doth feed upon my cost† and â€Å"It yearns me not if mean my garments wear† which means that he does not mind paying for them all to eat and he also is not bothered if they wear his clothes. Henry also made it clear that any one who did not want to fight that was free to leave, when he said, â€Å"That he which hath no stomach to this fight let him depart. His passport shall be made and crowns for the convoy put into his purse†. I think that by saying this Henry means that any one of his troops is free to go, he will even give them money to get home, but if any choose this option then they would be giving up their chance for honour. And people would remember them as men who were not manly enough to go into battle. Henry continues his speech by reminding his troops that, â€Å"This day is called the Feast of Crispian†, this is a Saint’s day that the English would have celebrated with a feast. Henry says that â€Å"He that outlives this day and comes safe home. Will stand a-tiptoe when this day is named, And rouse him at the name of Crispian† he is telling his troops that when the celebrate the Feast of Crispian they will always remember the battle and remind themselves by showing their old scars to neighbours and friends because men that were not in the battle would not remember it but those that took part would always remember it, â€Å"Then will he strip his sleeve and show his cars, And say â€Å"These wounds I had on Crispin’s day†. Old men forget, yet all shall be forgot. But he’ll remember, with advantages†. Henry mentions some of his troops by name â€Å"Harry the king, Bedford and Exeter, Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester†, then offers a toast to them, â€Å"Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered†. By using their names I feel Henry makes it seem like the speech is directed to the troops individually and personally this makes them feel special and inspired them to fight harder for Henry. Again Henry uses this technique to make his troops feel that they are part of his family that he is one of them by saying, â€Å"But we in it shall be remembered. We few, we happy few, we band of brothers†. Henry goes on to say, â€Å"For he today that shed his blood with me. Shall be my brother; be he ne’er so vile†, by saying this Henry was ensuring that any of his troops who were injured in the battle would be inspired to keep fighting because Henry would regard them as his brother. Henry ends his speech by saying, â€Å"And gentlemen in England, now abed, shall think themselves accursed they were not here, And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks†, by say this he is inspiring his troops that they are more manly and should feel honoured to be fighting today as any man in England that had missed the battle and stayed at home would feel ashamed when they heard of the great victory and therefore feel less manly. The battle of Agincourt was a great victory for the Henry’s tired English troops, they overcame great odds to win. I feel that Henry used this dramatic speech in the play to motivate and inspire the English troops on to victory against the French by lifting their spirits, promising them great honour, also by making them feel part of his family, almost like brothers fighting side by side and by promising them a battle they would never forget.

Monopoly †economics Essay

A monopoly exists when it has total control over a particular market and controls the supply and demand for that particular good or service. An oligopoly is a structure of a market in which only a few companies own or control the industry There are natural monopolies in the economy as well which are necessary to keep the economy progressing. Oligopolies exist because of the control over the supply of a good or service is in the hands of only a select few. They can influence the prices as well as the competition. The first monopolies began over discrepancies over natural resources. Before there was government regulation the resources that were once widely available to the population were controlled by the likes of elite, rich men. These conflicts over natural resources caused the government to regulate the resources by gathering and distributing them to the public. This regulation was put into place to reduce aggression between the company and the customers while balancing the supply and demand through different companies. Natural monopolies, on the other hand, do exist. These natural monopolies are those that have been in place for a long time and cannot be easily replaced. An example of these monopolies is a public utility such as water or electric service. It is much more costly to use multiple companies for a utility is much more costly as a whole than allowing the monopoly to continue. Waterlines and electrical towers that have been built and maintained for years would be difficult to destroy or remove from the land. In an oligopoly market, the companies set the prices and work together to control the markets to block new competitors from entering the market. The way these companies compete is through advertising and campaigns to get the most loyalty from the public. By using one another they can create supply and demand for their product or service. With government regulation these few powers can also be controlled like a monopoly would be. From a laissez faire view, monopolies and oligopolies will self-correct and be naturally eliminated. For instance, Microsoft Corporation controlled the operating system market since releasing in 1985. Microsoft’s operating systems, which once solely dominated the market, now compete with Apple’s MacOS. These two companies competing have now formed an oligopolistic market. In conclusion, it is in the best interest in the government to prevent monopolies from existing. When monopolies exist they decrease the incentive to for other companies to be successful in the market. Keeping the market competitive will drive companies to create new technology and use their inventiveness to improve the economy. Only under certain circumstances should a monopoly exist and that is of a natural monopoly, and when they do they ought to be regulated by the government. Even though the government can set laws and regulations for oligopolies, it still leaves plenty of room for monopolistic activities and uneven market share.

Weeping Woman 1883 by Vincent Van Gogh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Weeping Woman 1883 by Vincent Van Gogh - Essay Example He grew up religiously due to the influence by his parents, as they were ministry leaders. Vincent had two brothers, Cor and Theo and three sisters Wil, Anna, and Elizabeth. During his early life, he did not give any consideration on concentration on artwork. In fact, he spent a quiet life without a niche and undeniable artistic professionalism. This paper provides a discussion on the â€Å"Weeping Woman 1883† by Vincent Van Gogh. He went through a sketchy educational array since 1870 and due his completion; Vincent got an employment at the Hague gallery governed by French artist (Wildenstein & Company 204). The French artist regulated all the artwork in their company led by Goupil. Goupil transferred Vincent Gogh from The Hague to London in 1875. He later moved to Paris. Owing to this relocation, he lost the desire to work as an artist although he loved and enjoyed his work. Vincent returned home and started theology classes. He was passionate and enthusiastic to proceed to C ouple programs; he failed in his exams. His personality, was composed of intelligence and multi-lingual speaker, he did not see the importance of considering Latin as the language to use in preaching to the poor (Wendy 34). He proceeded to a community that mined coal where he started his missionary work. In this coal mining community, he lived with hard working but poor common people where he developed his profession as a preacher. He gained a big interest for people who lived around him. This big interest influenced him to the artistic career, which was enveloping. Theo, his brother, pressured him to join the artistic word. He also had a big urge to leave the miners with something that was greatly required by human kind. Vincent Gogh underestimated his abilities having gone through only part of his training as an artist. His family pushed and encouraged him to clinch on and move forward as they provided financial support, something that helped Vincent become a master of the art (We ndy 59). At the age of twenty-seven years, Vincent Gogh fell in love with painting and artwork. This was after he got into the school of Beaux-Arts located in Brussels, Belgium and relocation to Amsterdam in a period of fall of winter. In 1882, he was fully devoted to painting where he lived frugally and studied the theory of color. At this stage, he created the Potato Eaters as a major work having been inspired by Peter Paul Reuben’s artwork. Vincent painted peasants in the rural landscapes by use of the dark earth tones. He incorporated impressionism, which involved vivid colors. Vincent adjusted his paintings to a style that made his work generate fame on to people he lived with (Wendy 94). This happened after he relocated to Paris. His fame projected as a result of using bold brushstrokes with thick application of paint on his art work. Vincent Gogh started a colony of artists composed of the most interactive and intelligent artists who had the passion for creating arts i n the most productive way. Formation of this group took place in Arles, in France. Artist like Gauguin joined him and created artwork like the sunflower. However, his successful progression in this period came in with mental disorders declining him some physical capabilities, an illness composed of epilepsy, delusions and psycho attacks that brought great turmoil to Vincent and his family. The effects of mental illness brought episodes like mutilation of his ear and offering it to prostitutes as well as, extensive threats to Gauguin (Wildenstein & Company 212). In the year 1883, he created the figure of a weeping woman, a paint that brought transition for Gogh and the inhabitants of the areas who were under the French laws. The paintings helped the natives to rediscovers the essence of tourism

The role of e-business and the internet for Starbucks Essay

The role of e-business and the internet for Starbucks - Essay Example The paper tells that in the modern day and age, the use of the internet is ever increasing and more companies are getting involved in electronic business, often shortened to e-business. It now plays a major role in the economy at a global level. E-business consists of all the products and services that are offered in the online environment, including things such as online purchasing, customer service, communication of sales and new products. There are many advantages to e-business, not in the least because it can reach a different audience than traditional physical business. In addition, the two are not mutually exclusive; many businesses have a strong e-business component as well as a strong physical business component. One business that has incorporated e-business successfully into its business model is Starbucks. From starting as a single store, Starbucks is now a chain that spans the globe with more than 15,000 distinct stores worldwide. Part of their success is their ability to integrate new type of business into their model beyond the business of being a physical coffee shop. Starbucks offers franchising opportunities; sells coffee, tea, brewing items, food and a wide variety of drinks, with many of their products also being available in their online store. The term business-to-business (B2B) transactions refer to transactions between a manufacturer and a whole sale seller or a franchisee. As the product is sold in a bulk the cost per product is less for the buyer and the sales volume of Starbucks is improved as the selling quantity is large. Business-to-business transactions contribute to a major portion of transactions in any selling company as it is done in bulk. In the example of Starbucks, a B2B transaction would involve selling its products to a supermarket, which would then mark them up and sell them at a profit. In contrast, business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions are direct sales between one customer and the business . Generally an individual con sumer will buy a much lower quantity than a business; however, Starbucks is able to sell their products at a higher price to consumers than it can to businesses. Business benefits to having a website Having a website allows a business to establish an online presence. This is particularly important in modern times as the internet is becoming increasingly important and many more people are making the decisions based on information they find online. There are many competitive benefits that having a website and e-business in general can give a company . Advertising – The internet can be used to advertise new products on the home web page and also on other related web pages in order to reach out to a greater mass . To communicate – Communicating online via chat windows to possible customers can help in easier ordering for the customer and bring more business to the company . Communication helps to maintain customer loyalty . To inform – Any special offers and discoun ts offered can be announced on the web page. This will lead to an increase

Continental and monsoon Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Continental and monsoon - Assignment Example The monsoon wind blowing from the neighboring and oceans are playing a significant role in determining the climatic disparities in different parts of China and other parts of the Asian continent. Continental and monsoon are playing significant role in shaping the climate of China. They have an established relationship where one factor affects the other and intern reflects on the climate. For instance, China has an abundance of mountain barriers and the inland depression results in regional differences in terms of atmospheric circulation, solar radiation, and climate as a whole. A continental climate is associated with bigger land masses and extreme annual range of temperature that prevails in large parts of China (Wang 381). The air reaching China from Atlantic Ocean passing from Europe or Africa loses most of its moisture to the oceans hence coming out dry. These winds play a role in determining the climate of China. Their moisture content shapes the climate patterns of the areas they pass. Although there is some monsoon wind blowing from the north, arctic wind does not have access to the region. Tropical and equatorial air masses predominate in the south of Asia with restriction by the ridges of the mountain belt that stretches from west Asia highlands, through the Himalayas to south China and south Asia Mountains (Science Clarified 4-8). Similarly, the continental monsoon wind is playing a significant role in determining China climate through the way it blows. For instance, dry and cold winter monsoon blows from Siberia and the Mongolian plateau from September to April leading to cold and dry winters. It also results to the differences in temperature experienced in north and south of China (Raman and Sharan 1533). More so, warm and humid monsoon wind blows from the sea to east and south between April and September resulting in high temperatures and plentiful rainfall. It also leads to the little differences in temperatures

Effect of Internet hon Social Skills and Communication Essay

Effect of Internet hon Social Skills and Communication - Essay Example Electronic communication is very popular because it helps to transmit information to the recipient and receive reply faster and easier in comparison with other types of human interaction at work. Also, the addressing of a message enables normal mail to be processed and delivered without need for the sender to inform the recipient that the message is to be dispatched. On the other hand, electronic mail systems store and then deliver to electronic 'mail boxes' which enable the recipient to retrieve the message when convenient. Following Dimaggio et al (2001): "Enthusiasts predicted that the Internet would reduce inequality by lowering the cost of information and thus enhancing the ability of low-income men and women to gain human capital, find and compete for good jobs, and otherwise enhance their life chances" (p. 38). The great layer of information and varieties of technology become available now for wide target audience. Internet has changed social interaction and patterns of communication between people "forcing" them to spend more time before their screens. Recent years, Internet chat rooms become the most popular channels of social interaction between computer users all over the world. Internet chat rooms have a great impact on personal identity and inner "self" of visitors. In recent years the understanding of "self" has been changed, because as a collective sentiment, it needs to be upheld and reaffirmed (Papacharissi and Rubin 2000). Cyberspace makes it possible for every person to create a unique identity according to personal expectations and desires, but it hides negative and even dangerous consequences for people he/she communicates with. "Cyberspace opens the possibility for identity play, but it is very serious play" (Turkle, 2004, p. 275). In this situation, stipulated gender identi ties exist only in cyberspace, which defines and organizes them. The search for identity includes the question of what is the proper relationship of the individual to society as a whole. Internet and chat rooms open new opportunities for people to change their identity and a social "self". It means that a man can communicates as a woman, or a child can identifies himself as an expert in particular field. For instance, the case of Marcus vividly portrays that a teenager can easily become a "legal expert" in a chat room. He deceived hundreds of people who needed professional help and advice. This case depicts that "in a few weeks Marcus had created a new identity for himself: legal wizard" (Lewis 2004, p. 289). The Internet communication facilitates dialogue, empowers people to make things happen rather than have things happen to them, and as a tool for creating new forms of solidarity and cooperation, yet internet technology does not do all these things in and of itself. Mobilizing the opportunities offered by the Internet will therefore always involve unacknowledged conditions, unintended consequences, and a dazzling array of interests which are not only contradictor y, but may also be contested by others. The Internet creates a new form of social interaction which affects and changes

NONE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

NONE - Essay Example For this reason, he purports that capitalists simply get paid for their patience in not using their money on consumer goods (Buchholz 128). However, as much as this may be true, Marx opines that labor is known to produce a surplus that goes far beyond its wages and the wear and tear that is sustained by the capital used. I totally agree with Marx that the wrong done here is exploiting the surplus by others in the form of labor. The reason why I think that Marx’s reasoning here is valid is the fact that capitalists usually enjoy the highest benefits from sale of products where as the laborers are usually the least compensated. A good example to explain the validity of Marx’s reasoning here would be to look at the amount of labor that goes into manufacturing contemporary product such as luxury cars. As much as it is prudent to appreciate the waiting that capitalists have to wait, and the sacrifices that they make by not spending their money on buying consumer goods, I do not think that this can be compared to the work that laborers put in, and the amount of compensation they receive. Many big companies today are owned by rich capitalists who pump in huge sums of their money as capital. These capitalists usually employ laborers who work hard to ensure that the final product is up to standard (Beb 29). However, when these products are sold, it is the capitalists who receive and enjoy the most amount of profit after having used the labor and expertise of others. It would be unrealistic to expect the capitalists and the laborers to enjoy the same amount of profit. However, fact remains that the investors in blue chip companies usually enjoy way much more profit than the laborers who put their efforts in coming up with final products that will be sold to bring money to the companies. I think that Marx’s reasoning here was

Internet Marketing in Business Essay Example for Free

Internet Marketing in Business Essay Learning Outcomes 1. Know what role internet marketing has within a modern marketing context 2. Understand the benefits of internet marketing to customers 3. Understand the opportunities offered to businesses by internet marketing 4. Understand the challenges faced by businesses using internet marketing This assignment is my own work. If I have worked with someone else or have received help I have shown this clearly in my work. I have given references for all quotations and materials from the work of other people. Student signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Marking Criteria Pass Criteria to be met P1 describe the role internet marketing has within a modern marketing context P2 describe how selected organisations use internet marketing P3 explain the benefits to customers of a business using internet marketing P4 describe the benefits and opportunities to the business of using internet marketing within the marketing mix of a selected business P5 explain how internet marketing has made a selected business more efficient, effective and successful P6 explain the challenges of globalisation facing a selected  business when using the internet as a marketing tool Merit Criteria to be met M1 analyse the benefits of internet marketing to customers M2 analyse the marketing opportunities and challenges faced by a selected business when using internet marketing Distinction Criteria to be met D1 evaluate the effectiveness of internet marketing in meeting customer needs for a selected business Embedded English Skills Embedded Maths Skills Speaking and listening – make a range of contributions to discussions and make effective presentations in a wide range of contexts (giving presentations). Writing – write documents, including extended writing pieces, communicating information, ideas and opinions, effectively and persuasively (writing reports). Interpretation of numerical data Production of charts and tables from data Intra/Extrapolation of data to new situations Creation of case studies The Scenario 1. You will work in teams of three (maximum) people. Working individually is  allowed. 2. Each member of the team will keep a reflective diary logging their input into the team work which will be presented alongside their evidence at the end of the assignment. 3. Your team is acting as a consultancy for a business which is considering expanding their operations online. Your coursework will consist of the advice that you give this company. 4. Your will make FOUR pitches to this company, addressing the information required in the following briefs. 5. The format of the pitch is yours to decide. It must be a format which can be reviewed by a third party of necessary. Possible formats could include a written report, a presentation, a portfolio of evidence, a video or a recorded structured question and answer session etc. You are not required to use the same format to answer each brief. BRIEF ONE P1, P2 Using examples from businesses with established online presences, describe the changes that internet marketing has delivered to the modern marketing concept, how the internet complements the traditional operations of these businesses and what benefits this use of the internet delivers for the businesses. Your pitch should include: (P1) how using the internet has changed the way companies interact with their customers (P1) which tools have been introduced to enable marketing on the internet (P1) how companies ascertain the wants and needs of the customer using the internet (P2) examples of how these tools are used by a number of businesses to market to customers (P2) examples of best practice in using the internet for marketing (P2) how internet marketing is integrated with more traditional marketing media BRIEF TWO P3, M1 Carry out primary and secondary research into the customer experience of marketing on the internet and present the benefits that have been delivered  to these customers. This brief must be informed by actual experiences and should take into account both positive and negative responses from customers. Your pitch should include: (P3) examples of benefits to customers that have come as a result of internet marketing (P3) positive and negative case studies of customer experiences of internet marketing (M1) analyse how internet marketing builds on conventional offline marketing practices. (M1) give a detailed explanation of the effect use of internet marketing tools to enhance the customer experience. BRIEF THREE P4, P5, P6, M2 Present the client with a guide to the practical methodology of marketing online. This should include reference to marketing strategy, including but not limited to the marketing mix, the changes to operations which will result in greater effectiveness and efficiency and the impact of moving from a local to a global business audience. It should also detail the challenges that would face the business and make recommendations on how to overcome them. Your pitch should include: (P4) an outline of the benefits and opportunities for an organisation of using internet marketing. (P4) a case study of an organisation which uses internet marketing which details their usage, using the marketing mix as a framework. (P5) an explanation of efficiency gains that can be achieved through the use of internet marketing. (P5) examples of the usage of internet marketing techniques to achieve effective and successful outcomes for organisations. (P6) examples of the impact of globalisation on organisations that use the internet for marketing. (P6) how do businesses modify their online presence to suit a global audience? (M2) an analysis of the opportunities and challenges that internet marketing creates for an organisation. (M2) detailed examples of instances where organisations have  overcome these challenges. BRIEF FOUR D1 Present a case study of an existing business which has introduced an online marketing and/or sales function and evaluate the impact that internet marketing has had on the organisation and its customers. This brief also requires you to identify the needs of the customers and detail how they have been addressed by internet marketing. Your final pitch should include: (D1) a detailed case study of a selected business showing how they use internet marketing to achieve their aims and objectives. (D1) a detailed explanation of the wants and needs of the customers of the business. (D1) an explanation of how the use of internet marketing meets these wants and needs. (D1) an explanation of how the use of internet marketing fails to meet these wants and needs. (D1) recommendations of how the selected business could improve their internet marketing to become more efficient and effective, justified with examples of best practice and innovators in the area. RESUBMISSION FEEDBACK/DATE: SUMMATIVE FEEDBACK: STUDENT REFLECTION: UNIT GRADE: Grade (please circle) Points (please circle) P / M / D 70/ 80/ 90 Learner Declaration: Name Signature: I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own work. I have clearly referenced any sources used in the work. I understand that false declaration is a form of malpractice. Tutor Signature: Date:

Child Recognition of Emotions

Child Recognition of Emotions CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Human emotions serve as a means of expression, often indicating an individuals internal conscious experience or physiological arousal. Emotions also serve as a form of communication, alerting individuals to important aspects of their environment and their relationships with other individuals. Emotions influence a persons actions, cognitions, and how they are perceived by others (Strayer, 2002). For example, emotions may influence how individuals respond to an environmental threat, as feelings of sadness may indicate a withdrawal of behavior or feelings of fear may engage the activity of flight (Strayer, 2002). The experience of emotions, in turn, provides individuals with meaning about both their internal and external environments and information about how they should respond to a social situation. The ability to develop an adequate understanding of emotions is known as emotional competence. More precisely, emotional competence is defined as a demonstration of self-efficacy in emotion-eliciting social transactions (Saarni, Campos, Camras Witherington, 2006, p. 250). For children, one way to gauge their emotional competence is to examine their ability to perceive their own emotions and the emotions of others (Saarni et al., 2006). This type of assessment allows researchers to determine an approximate measure as to childrens emotional development level. The first skill of emotional competence is for children to develop an understanding of self. Through an ability to be aware of their own personal emotional experience, children begin to develop self-conscious emotions. Feelings of shame, guilt, and embarrassment, for example, allow children to refer to themselves as having conscious awareness that they are distinct from others (Lewis, 1993, 1995; Mascolo Fischer, 1995). In addition, childrens emotional competence is developed through an ability to be aware of multiple emotions or to feel that their emotions are in conflict with their environment (e.g., ambivalence; Stein, Trabasso, Liwag, 2000). As children become aware of their own emotions, emotional development is strengthened and refined. A second important skill development to emotional competence is for children to make sense of others inner states (Saarni et al., 2006). Specifically, children learn to comprehend and interpret others behaviors and begin to realize that others are capable of forming their own beliefs and emotions (for a review see Dunn, 2000; Halberstadt, Denham, and Dunsmore, 2001). Understanding the distinction between ones own emotions and the emotions of others is crucial to emotional development in children. For instance, studies indicate that childrens ability to accurately identify emotions in self and in others may work as a gauge to assess social competence (Halberstadt et al., 2001). In these types of studies, childrens social competence is established by correlating their understanding of emotion terms, facial expressions, and elicitors of emotion terms (e.g., situational descriptions of a happy or sad event) with their social competence rating from teachers ratings or by peers sociometric choices (Saarni et al., 2006). Childrens ability to distinguish differences in emotional features in combination with how others view their ability provides a measure of their social competence. Monitoring childrens social competence allows one to identify socially disadvantaged children and implement effective coping strategies before any harmful, long-term effects manifest (Benford, 1998). Through childrens awareness of their own emotional state, in combination with the skill to discern others emotions, children begin to achieve more effective emotional processing skills. Understanding childrens emotional processing is important because it affects many social outcomes, such as childrens helping behavior (Chapman, Zahn-Waxler, Cooperman Iannotti, 1987, Miller Jansen op de Haar, 1997), aggressive responses (Harris Siebel, 1975), and self-control (Ceschi Scherer, 2003). Few studies, however, have examined how emotion affects childrens abilities to accurately identify the emotional state of others. Consequently, the present study sought to examine the effects of childrens own emotional states on their social/cognitive abilities to recognize emotional states in others. More specifically, this research sought to understand how positive, negative, and neutral emotional states of children affected performance on emotion recognition tasks that utilized different levels of cognitive complexity. By utilizing two types of emotion recognition tasks, the research examined the influence of differently valenced emotions on childrens social-cognitive abilities. Results may help to expand existing social information processing models by incorporating the influence cognitive complexity and affect may serve in childrens recognition of others emotions. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Understanding Others Emotions through Facial Expressions The ability for children to understand what others are experiencing emotionally develops through an interaction between the awareness of their own emotional experience and the ability to empathize and conceptualize the causes of emotions in others (Saarni et al., 2006). In addition, the more children learn about how and why others act the way they do, the more they can make inferences about the emotional state of others. Children typically rely on facial expressions to infer others emotional state (Ceschi Scherer, 2003; Holder Kirkpatrick, 1991). The face is considered the primary indicator of human emotion (Ekman, 1992). For example, body gestures are easily concealed (e.g., hiding a clenched fist behind ones back) or verbal communication can be eliminated by simply refusing to speak. Facial expressions, however, are more difficult to disguise (Ekman, 1993). Additionally, the diversity in an individuals face allows for a variety of emotional expressions, each associated with a distinct facial expression (Ekman, 1993). Facial expressions serve a dual purpose; facial emotions can indicate a persons internal emotional state or function as symbols referring to something else, such as a form of communication (e.g., deterring or placating someones actions; Lewis Michalson, 1985). Facial expressions are commonly used as a means for gauging emotion states in research. By 2 Â ½ years, children can distinguish a number of basic emotional states in the facial expressions of adults, but do not always label them accurately (Izard, 1971). At 5 years, children can accurately label 41% of the emotions depicted in a set of adult photographs (Odom Lemond, 1972). Overall, young children can recognize some of the more common emotional expressions as displayed by adults (e.g., MacDonald, Kirkpatrick Sullivan, 1996). By the ages of 11 or 12, most children recognize and verbalize that a persons expression may be both a social and an emotional response (e.g., Underwood Hurley, 1999). Consequently, children realize that a persons facial expression may indicate both the individuals internal state (e.g., I am feeling sad), as well as what the cues represent socially (e.g., I am expressing my feelings of sadness towards others). Each form of emotional expression is essential in order for children to interpret and comprehend anothers emotion (Underwood Hurley, 1999). Developmental Differences in Childrens Understanding of Others Emotional Experiences As children mature, they acquire greater abilities to make inferences about what others are feeling (Gross Ballif, 1991). Children, in an attempt to understand the emotions of others, begin to combine facial and situational cues. The ability to combine these cues, however, is strengthened and refined as children age. The easiest emotions for children to discern are positive ones (Saarni et al., 2006). Children can more readily identify happy reactions in a naturally occurring setting as compared to negative reactions (e.g. Fabes, Eisenberg, Nyman, Michealieu, 1991). Negative facial expressions, on the other hand, such as sadness, fear, and anger, are more difficult for children to decode. Negative emotions become easier to interpret, however, when they are paired with an emotion-eliciting situational context (Saarni et al. 2006). In addition, the causes of negative emotion are easier for children to decode than causes of positive emotion, an explanation that appears consistent with negative emotions eliciting a more intense response (Fabes et al., 1991). For example, children can easily determine the causes for their goal failures because it is an undesired consequence. Developmental differences are apparent when evaluating childrens understanding of the causes of emotions (Fabes et al., 1991). Younger children (i.e., 3 year-olds) are more prone to attribute causes of emotion to a persons wants or needs, whereas older children (i.e., 5 year-olds) make use of others personality traits to determine their future reactions to an emotional event (Fabes et al., 1991). Children aged 5 to 10 years can use a characters past experience to determine the characters reactions to a new situation (Gnepp Gould, 1985). For example, if a characters best friend harasses him, children aged 5 to 10 can infer how that character will later react to seeing the best friend on the playground. The developmental difference is evident in the quality of the response. Younger children are more likely to infer what the character is feeling solely through the current situational information (e.g., the character would be pleased to see the best friend), whereas older children are m ore likely to use the prior experience to evaluate how the character will react (e.g., the character will avoid the best friend on the playground; Gnepp Gould, 1985). Further support for this developmental difference is that younger children (i.e., preschoolers) are more likely to infer the emotional state of others when a characters emotional cues are presented explicitly (e.g., pictorial representation of the characters face) as compared to older children (i.e. school-aged) who can adeptly determine the characters response when less explicit cues are utilized (Lagattuta, Wellman, Flavell, 1997). These investigations demonstrate that by school age, children are well equipped to identify emotional expressions in others. Although there are developmental differences in childrens abilities to identify reasons for the emotional expression, by the age of 5, children generally distinguish differences in emotional cues and identify different types of emotional expressions in others. Integrating Cognition and Emotion There has been considerable interest in how children interpret, encode, and respond to social environments. One such model that attempts to explain the relationship is the social information processing model (Crick Dodge, 1994). The social information processing model assumes that the way in which children understand and interpret social situations directly influences how they respond behaviorally (Lemerise Arsenio, 2000). In turn, the social information processing model offers an explanation for how children process and interpret cues in a social situation and arrive at a decision that facilitates their understanding of the social environment (Crick Dodge, 1994; Dodge, 1986). For any social interaction, children utilize their past experiences and biologically determined capabilities (e.g., memory store capacity) in order to rapidly assess the situation (Crick Dodge, 1994). To illustrate the social information processing model, imagine a child who gets pushed on the playground by another child. First, the child must encode the social cues (both internal and external) to determine what happened (attention, encoding) and then determine why it happened (interpretation: an accident or on purpose?). In the third step of the model, the child begins to clarify his or her goal in the social situation (e.g., goal to show others he/she wont tolerate the behavior). In step four and five of the model, possible responses to the situation are generated in terms of anticipated outcomes and how those actions relate to the individuals goals (Lemerise Arsenio, 2000). The child may choose to retaliate in response to the other childs actions or the child may choose to not retaliate for fear of the situation escalating. Finally, the majority of children generally choose the most positively evaluated response with respect to goals and anticipated outcomes before the behavio r is enacted (e.g., the child ignores the push and walks away; Crick Dodge, 1994). The social information processing model has been useful in assessing how children encode and interpret social situations. The model, however, does not specify how emotion affects the processing strategy (Lemerise Arsenio, 2000). Lemerise and Arsenio (2000) argue that it is possible to expand Crick and Dodges models explanatory power by integrating emotion processing with social information processing. Before integrating emotion and social information processing, it is important to understand the relationship between the two. Emotions and cognitions may appear similar because both are types of information processing, but the way each influence human behavior makes them distinct (Lemerise Arsenio, 2000). Emotion is about motivation; cognition, on the other hand, concerns knowledge. This view is shared by many functionalist theorists, neurophysiologists, and some cognitive theorists (e.g., Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, Campos, 1994; Damasio, 1994; Oatley Jenkins, 1996). Because cognition and emotion are two distinct processes, an attempt to devise a model that integrates and utilizes the two is pragmatic. In Lemerise and Arsenios (2000) social information processing model, the researchers added and expanded to Crick and Dodges (1994) original concept. In particular, the researchers implemented other emotion processes that could influence accessing and evaluating responses. As an example of this approach, intense emotions can interfere with the steps of Crick and Dodges model where children assess possible responses to a situation (Steps 4 and 5). For example, children with intense emotions may react negatively to a social situation (e.g., becoming easily upset and running away), thereby reducing the probability that they will interpret and encode the situation from the perspective of all parties (Lemerise Arsenio, 2000). Intense emotions, in turn, can influence how a child responds in a social situation. In addition, the childs reaction to the soci al situation may be dependant on whether he/she cares about and wants that person to like him/her (Lemerise Arsenio, 2000). Emotions heavily influence this social decision making process. It is difficult to adhere to a social informational processing strategy without accounting for the influences emotion may serve. Support for the role emotions play in social information processing has been demonstrated in more recent research (e.g., Orobio de Castro, Merk, Koops, Veerman, Bosch, 2005). Specifically, researchers examined the relationship between emotional aspects of social information processing and aggressive boys. After hearing a series of vignettes that instilled provocation by their peers, participants answered questions concerning social information processing, including feeling of their own emotions, the emotions of others, and emotion regulation. Aggressive boys used less adaptive emotion-regulation strategies, attributed more hostile intent to others actions, and reported less guilt concerning their own actions (Orobio de Castro et al., 2005). For aggressive boys, anger attribution (i.e., encoding of emotions) significantly influenced the interpretation step of the social information processing model, a view that is consistent with Lemerise and Arsenios (2000) model. Clearly, emotions can influence childrens social information processing strategies. By combining emotional processing with social decision making processes, researchers can expand Crick Dodges models explanatory power, perhaps offering further insight into the influence emotion serves for childrens cognitive abilities (Lemerise Arsenio, 2000). Induction of Positive and Negative Affect Researchers examine emotional influences on social information processing and other social behaviors by experimentally inducing emotions and assessing the effects (Bryan, Mathur Sullivan, 1996; Bugental Moore, 1979; Burkitt Barnett, 2006; Carlson, Felleman Masters, 1983; Masters, Barden Ford, 1979; Stegge, Terwogt Koops, 2001). Inducing affect typically consists of an experimenter having subjects recall events that make them happy or sad before examining their responses to a variety of social and cognitive problems. These problems can range from measures of altruism, self-gratification, or delay of gratification (Bugental Moore, 1979). For this type of induction procedure, the researcher asks the child to recall and reflect upon a happy or sad past event for approximately 30 seconds to 2 minutes (Bryan et al., 1996). This type of procedure allows psychologists to examine how affective states influence individuals social and psychological behaviors (Bugental Moore, 1979). Pre-recorded videotapes or audiocassettes are another technique used to implement positive or negative affect in children (e.g., Carlson Masters, 1986; Rader Hughes, 2005). The recordings improve the reliability and standardization of the affect inductions. The recording typically follows the same procedural method as the other affect induction studies (e.g., Carlson et al., 1983; Masters et al., 1979; Moore, Underwood, Rosenhan, 1973)—the person reading the script (e.g., actor, puppet) asks the child to ruminate on a past experience that is positive, negative, or neutral for approximately 30 seconds. For any procedural method chosen, it is important to validate if the affect induction actually takes place. There are multiple methods for conducting manipulation checks. Procedures include: having two or more experimenters rate the childs mood and assessing interrater agreement (e.g., Carlson Maters, 1986); having participants use a word item check-list to indicate their current mood (e.g., Vosburg, 1998); or comparing if the performance of children in the positive or negative condition differs from those in the neutral condition (e.g., Bugental Moore, 1979; Stegge et al., 2001). As demonstrated in past research, the induction of positive and negative moods is experimentally possible. Positive and Negative Affect and Emotional Processing There are a number of experimental studies that demonstrate the influence of childrens emotional states on a variety of emotional processes and behaviors, such as altruism (Chapman et al., 1987, Miller Jansen op de Haar, 1997), aggression (Harris Siebel, 1975), and self-control (Ceschi Scherer, 2003). One study, in particular, induced positive emotional states in a group of 5-6-year-old children to examine their responses to social comparison situations where the participant was rewarded unfairly, sometimes in the participants favor, sometimes in anothers favor (Carlson Masters, 1986). Children were exposed to one of three emotion inducing conditions: self-focused happy, other-focused happy, or neutral. After the children focused on their own happy emotional experience (self-focused) or the emotional state of a friend (other-focused) or had no emotional focus (neutral), they and other players received a reward for participating in a game. Children received either more (positive inequality) or less (negative inequality) of an award as compared to the other players. Children in the self-focused happy condition did not demonstrate a reduction in generosity after receiving an inequality of rewards (Carlson Masters, 1986). The authors interpreted their results as supportive of the po sition that positive mood facilitates tolerance of aversive experiences (Carlson Masters, 1986). What these studies did not answer, however, is what influence emotion serves in other social information processes. Specifically, how do inductions of positive or negative affect influence childrens emotion recognition? One research experiment did attempt to investigate the influence childrens own emotional states has on their ability to recognize emotions in others (Carlson et al., 1983). Experimenters induced emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, or neutral affect in eighty 4 and 5 year-old children. The children were then provided with a label of an emotion (e.g. happy) and asked to identify the correct facial expression from a group of photographs of other children who were displaying various emotions. Significant differences in accuracy across the mood induction conditions were not found, but childrens own feelings of sadness did influence their perception of sadness in peers (Carlson et al., 1983). Sad participants were not more inaccurate than happy participants when identifying emotions, but when they were inaccurate they tended to confuse sadness with anger. The induction of positive and negative mood in children appears to have an influence on childrens emotional processing. Negative affective states appear to lead to inaccuracies in the perception of others sadness, whereas positive affective states appear to help children maintain positive emotional experiences, even in the presence of aversive social situations. Influence of Emotional States on Cognition for Adults Despite the number of studies assessing childrens emotion processing ability, only a few studies have investigated how emotion-directed information processes, such as perception, attention, judgment, and memory recognition and recall, are influenced by the childs own emotional state, whether enduring or temporary (Greene Noice, 1988; Masters et al., 1979; Rader Hughes, 2005). Because of this dearth in the literature, it is useful to review studies conducted with adults. One particularly important study, which examined the role affect plays in adults cognitive performance, induced positive and negative affect through the use of a role-playing technique while participants carried out three cognitive tasks (Izard, Wehmer, Livsey, Jennings, 1965). The cognitive tasks ranged from participants generating as many possible uses for a particular object (multiple-use task), recalling sets of numbers (digit span test), and giving verbalized responses for creativity problems. Positive affect increased performance for both the multiple-use task and the creativity problems as compared to those in the negative affect condition. Some literature supports the finding that positive affect results in higher productivity and creativity (Ashby, Isen, Turken, 1999). Specifically, induced positive affect improved cognitive processes such as memory, judgment, risk-preference, decision-making, creative problem solving, categorization, and logical problem solving (Ashby et al., 1999). Other research, however, does not support the claim that positive affect improves cognitive productivity and creativity. Positive affect may actually interfere with performance on some tasks (e.g., Kaufmann Vosburg, 1997). In an attempt to explain the discrepancy in these results, Forgas (2000, 2002) affect infusion model (AIM) suggests that affect results in inattentive processing for complex tasks. As participants experience positive affective, for example, substantive processing or systematic processing may be hindered, thereby interfering with their ability to solve elaborate and complex problems. Specifically, negative moods may facilitate differentiated, analytic processing whereas positive moods may facilitate global, synthetic processing (Forgas, 2000). Negative moods may be more adaptive for cognitive tasks that require one to reduce complex decisions to a series of one-on-one comparisons, thus simplifying the results (i.e., analytic processing). Positive moods, on the other hand, may be more adaptive for cognitive tasks that require one to generate a wide variety of responses, often seeking out all possibilities for a solution (i.e., global processing). Following Forgas (2000, 2002) AIM model, it is clear how research supports the notion that positive and negative affect are adaptive for different types of cognitive tasks. To clarify, some studies show that positive affect facilitates cognitive performance by increasing participants creativity (Ashby et al., 1999; Isen, Daubman Nowicki, 1987; Isen, 2002; Izard et al., 1965). Other research, however, shows that positive affect results in inattentive processing, thereby reducing participants creativity and problem-solving (Forgas, 2000; Kaufmann Vosburg, 1997). These seemingly contrasting findings are explained by differences in task specificity. In the research conducted by Kaufmann and Vosburg (1997), for example, positive affect significantly inhibited creative problem solving. After the researchers experimentally induced affect, participants responded to a series of tasks presented in a paper-and-pencil format, and received no outside feedback. Contrastingly, in research conduct ed by Isen et al. (1987), they used creativity measures such as the candle-problem, which required participants to physically manipulate objects and to come up with as many solutions to the problem as possible. In addition, the participants received feedback, which allowed them to instigate further solutions to the problem. Clearly, the tasks used in each of these studies are distinct. The notion that positive and negative affect are adaptive to different types of cognitive tasks is important because it points out the need to carefully consider the type of cognitive task being performed. Positive or negative moods may facilitate processing for different types of tasks in adults; therefore it is useful to examine how positive or negative moods affect childrens processing in different types of tasks. Influence of Emotional States on Cognition for Children There are indications that the influences of positive affect on childrens cognitive performance are similar to those in adults (Rader Hughes, 2005). For example, eighth-grade students who were experimentally induced with positive affect showed greater cognitive flexibility than students in the control condition and obtained higher scores on a verbal fluency test (Greene Noice, 1988). Likewise, researchers have examined the effects of emotional states on learning (Masters et al., 1979). After the induction of a positive, negative, or neutral emotional state, children completed a series of shape discrimination tasks. The dependent variable in the experiment was how many trials it took the children to achieve perfect mastery for the task (e.g. identifying 12 consecutive trials of shapes correctly). For children in the positive affect condition, positive affect enhanced performance. Contrastingly, for children in the negative condition, negative affect hindered performance dramatically (Masters et al., 1979). In addition, positive affect increased performance for children on a block design task, a challenging cognitive task that requires the use of spatial analysis (Rader Hughes, 2005). Research also suggests a relationship between affect and childrens thinking processes (Bryan et al., 1996). Specifically, negative affective states decrease participants efforts for processing cognitive information (Ellis, Thomas, Rodriquez, 1984). Positive affective states, on the other hand, improve participants memory on various tasks, which include: mastery of a discriminatory task (Masters et al., 1979); altruism (Chapman et al., 1987; Miller Jansen op de Haar, 1997); and child compliance (Lay, Waters Park, 1989). In sum, positive affective states increase complex cognitive functions when participants are required to synthesize information in new and useful ways (e.g., word association and memory tasks, creativity tasks, problem-solving tasks; Bryan et al., 1996). Social Information Processing and Cognitive Complexity Childrens awareness of their own emotional state, in combination with their skill to discern others emotions, allows them to develop more effective social information processing skills. As children become more aware of emotions they or others are experiencing, it facilitates problem-solving (Saarni et al., 2006). In turn, when children know how to respond emotionally to an encounter, it can aid in their decision making strategy, thus influencing behavioral or cognitive processing strategies. Task complexity can negatively influence accuracy in identifying emotional expressions in others (MacDonald et al., 1996). Specifically, research has shown how incorporating contextual information for an emotion recognition task results in lower levels of performance as compared to a task where children are given the label for the emotional expression (MacDonald et al., 1996). Labeling tasks involve an extremely easy stimulus (i.e. children are given a word), whereas contextual information tasks involve integrating and synthesizing implicit information (i.e. children must derive a word from the vignette)plexity. paragraph should be eliminated. This is more relevant to cognitive processing strategies rather than levels of task. Adding contextual information to an emotion recognition task, therefore, increases the difficulty of the task, resulting in lower performance, especially for younger children (MacDonald et al. 1996). Past research on childrens emotional recognition has not adequately addressed the influence of childrens own emotional states (positive or negative) on the accuracy of the perception of emotional states in others. Research addressing the topic is minimal; only a few studies have approached the issue (e.g., Carlson et al., 1983). In addition, past research has not directly demonstrated how emotion and cognitive task complexity influence childrens ability to recognize emotion in others. Based on the information regarding childrens ability to recognize emotions in others through their facial expressions; the developmental differences in childrens facial recognition abilities; the influence of emotion on childrens emotion processing; and the influence of emotion on adults cognitive processing, researchers can devise an appropriate social information processing model. The model, in effect, should integrate emotion and cognitive processes to determine the influence affect and task complexity have on childrens recognition of emotions in others. The component of the model the present study investigated is how childrens own emotion affects their interpretation of social cues, specifically the emotional expression of others. Inaccurate interpretations will provide potential consequences to childrens subsequent social decision making processes. The Present Study The study examined the influence positive and negative affect has on childrens emotion recognition. Children, aged 5-to 8-years, participated because of their ability to identify emotions in others (Fabes et al., 1991, Gnepp Gould, 1985, Saarni et al., 2006). Because emotion processing and cognition are considered an integral part of childrens social competence (Lemerise Arsenio, 2000), the study design combined and evaluated cognition and emotional processes. Specifically, the study investigated how the cognitive complexity of the task interacted with mood effects on emotion recognition performance. In the experiment, children were individually tested. They were first exposed to one of three mood induction conditions (positive, negative, or neutral) using a computer setup with a pre-recorded audio file, a method that is consistent with a brief mood induction procedure (Rader Hughes, 2005). For the testing procedure, the experimenter utilized two forms of emotion expressing questions: label-b