Fascist Government Essay

Fascist government is better compared to a communism government in that it seeks the reality of the society on strength and weaknesses of nations.   Historically, fascist governments opposed the class conflicts and emphasized that they would forever exist. Though fascists have been used pejoratively in the present setting, it is clear that communism was worse in history as it advocated for classless and stateless society that declared allegiance to the Marxism-Leninism a notion that was impossible to apply.   It is no doubt that communism orientation of social organization where totalitarians dominated and above all, the self perpetuating political party system was the major cause for excessive anarchy like that experienced under the soviet rule. Overview This paper explores fascist government as the better option to communism with greater focus on the historical events.   Through use of questions and answers, the paper explores the principles and theoretical considerations of the two systems of government.   It compares the major occurrences under the two systems of the government to support the thesis statements.   With reference to the period of application, the paper gives a clear analysis of the logistics behind the fascists’ governments as opposed to the communist administration. Questions and answers What are the principles of communism and how effectively did communism governments apply them? Communism government is guided by the main principle of a society that is egalitarian and classless mainly based on common ownership and control of the production means. The principles call for a stateless society with a form of government that declares allegiance to Marxism-Leninism.   Application of communism has and is always controversial in that the well outlined principles form a reciprocating platform for abuse by the same governments. Remarkably, it is communism that has made USSR to be remembered for its ruthlessness when dealing with the community.   In 1928, Joseph Stalin application of communism which he claimed to be directly under his predecessor Lenin innovation, were borne of mayhem and anarchy.   It was marred with extra judicial killings, spying and elimination of the political opponents (Lauren, 173-177). As indicated by fascism, it was important to acknowledge the need for the classes in the society as they were the ones that bore them.   Fascist governments therefore applied the correct principles of the time that were bound on the desire to grow and expand beyond their boundaries.   Though application of the survival for the fittest in the human realms was a major shenanigan, fascism has been credited for creating nationalism and enhancing identity.   Sir Osward Mosley, the leader of British Union of Fascists emphasized that communism was a major cause of suppression for democracy it claimed to advocate (Daniels, 38-45). What were the consequences of communism and abolishing private property ownership to ensure equality? Communism was mainly directed at seeking communal ownership of the production systems in the society.   Under this system however, the government was given a better operating platform to practice massive corruption to the people.   Though the concept was initially well thought of, its application mostly presented the reciprocal a notion that made the whole system to become a failure.   The death of Karl Marx at end of the 19th century has been cited to be the possible end of real communism. Historians indicate that fascist governments rose as a response to the events of World War I, a notion that cited the possible fallouts in democracy and liberalism for their favor of individualism or internationalism.   Historically, this concept was faulty and saw the establishments of the fascist governments like in Italy (Furet and Furet, 178-188). How effective was the system and what were the repercussions? Application of communism was a bloody notion that had far much reaching implication even to the current society.   During the World War II, the communists consolidated power through massive blood shed in most of the Eastern Europe.   In Russia, the struggle by many countries to get independence never bore fruits until the international community intervened later in the 20th century.   Though communist governments claimed to be borne by the people themselves, it is however ironical that most of the third world colonies that adopted the communist ideals like Cambodia, Lao, and Angola are still among the poorest in the world. Though fascist government promoted the growth of their empire beyond their own territories, they supported the nationalism and were mainly driven by charismatic leaders.   This gave the notion of the great capacity of the fascism governments to rationally reason out their application policies.   Nakano Seigo of Japan noted that fascist governments had the capacity to practice democracy than did communist governments (Furet &Furet Deborah, 186-190).

Purpose of Laws in Society Essay

Laws have been around for thousands of years and serve many different purposes. Laws set boundaries. Without law, how do you know what is right or wrong? Laws make it clear for all who are under them. Their purpose is supposed to be for the protection of society. Laws are for sure needed in society to ensure the safety of the people and to ensure functions properly and efficiently. One of the Major things that laws do is that they promote the goals of society and keep people civil and try to maintain peace among the people and keep the crime right to a minimal. Laws reflect the values and beliefs in a society and promote people to do the right thing and follow the law, because it holds people accountable for their choices. One of the goals of society to create equality among the people and law make that possible giving everyone the same chances as other everyone and the power of freedom is also created through law. Laws also promote the goals of society because they protect people rights. An example of this would be when people are trying to find a job the laws protect them from being discriminated against because of there race, they can’t just get turned down for the job because of there culture or race. Laws continue to promote the goals of society and continue to help keep the people in the country under control and to keep from anarchy. Another thing that laws do very well is that help settle disputes. They accomplish this from having civil courts for example. Civil court is for civil problems and cases and settling disputes among people. An example of this could be when someone is selling something online via ebay or craigslist’s and or a similar website and then rips the person off who is buying the service or product the customers could then settle the dispute in a civil court hearing. They also help settle disputes because it gives people the chance to fight for what is true fully there’s and or what is right. For example if someone takes something from them and wont give it back they could settle the problem in a civil court. The theme of law is not to punish people but rather have them stay away from crime. As a active member of society we are expected to follow the rules and laws of our country. Law is created to keep people safe from crime and give justice. When a person breaks the law they must accept he punishment according to severity of the crime. Therefore when a person thinks about breaking the law, the law makers hope he will think twice. Laws protect people through punishment because it holds people accountable for there actions. Before you commit a crime you already know what the punishment may be for doing so. Therefore if the law makes someone think twice about what they are doing and stop that person from actually committing the crime then it has served its purposed. Laws Provide order among the society as well and this is massively important because its keeps people from going completely savage and keeps people civilized as well as keeping complete anarchy from arising. Laws provide order among the people because knowing what the laws are also means you should be aware of what happens to those who chose to not follow the law. This keeps people in tact and keeps order because most people do not wish to serve the punishment of breaking a law and therefore will most likely chose to be a law abiding citizen. Truth be told, laws are definitely needed in today’s society, they keep the people civilized and for the most part keep our society running smoothly. People need to have guidelines and rules and laws the need to be followed or else everyone would just do what they wanted and complete chaos would happen. Laws are good and serve a great purpose in our contemporary society.

The Freedom of Information Act 2000 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Freedom of Information Act 2000 - Case Study Example However, not all information may be divulged by public authorities. Those relating to matters of national security, for example, cannot be given, as well as those which can be properly classified as secret information even of foreign governments or international organizations. Prohibition in these areas is considered absolute and no amount of reconsideration may reverse the same. Other areas, on the other hand, are exempted, subject to some qualifications. In these aspects, the public authority concerned has to decide where the public interest would be subserved more: in maintaining the exemption or not. In case a request is denied, the requesting party may ask for reconsideration from the Information Commissioner who has the power to reverse the decision of the public authority who previously denied the request. This decision, however, may still be appealed to the Information Tribunal, a special tribunal especially created for the same. In relation thereto, the Government per se may interfere and override the decisions of the public authority, Information Commissioner and Information Tribunal.   In short, every right has its own limitations. The national interest cannot be bargained away in exchange for the public's right to know. The Information Act 2000 recognizes this inherent right of every state, the government, in particular, to maintain some qualified information which may prove detrimental to the national interest. The public's right to know, although recognized, is inferior to the national interest, and cannot be placed above and beyond the so-called national interest since the latter affects the country as a whole. Another important consideration is the prohibition on request for personal information, despite the fact that some of them are being kept and recorded by an agency of the government. Since this involves not just public information but mainly personal data of the state's constituents, requests for this kind of information are properly covered by the Data Protection Act 1998. Personal right of individuals and entities are considered beyond the ambit of the state's disposition.

Hurricane Preparedness Planning for Law Enforcement Agencies Essay

Hurricane Preparedness Planning for Law Enforcement Agencies - Essay Example Many of these locations are vacation locations and swell in population during the hurricane season. This, in itself, causes secondary problems when it comes time to evacuate these areas. The population has outgrown the roads, which leads to evacuation problems. With the high cost associated with boarding up homes, closing businesses, and evacuating, a real strain is put on the residents of these hurricane prone areas. Law enforcement needs to also look at what it does internally for its employees when they are dealing with an event such as a hurricane. The hurricanes that have struck the south Florida region have taught many things to first responders and the agencies that have employed them. Such events as Hurricane Andrew changed the way Florida looks at hurricanes. Andrew formed on August 16th, 1992 and dissipated on August 28th. Andrew is the second most destructive hurricane in U.S. history. With winds recorded at 175 Mph, it is one of only three Category 5 hurricanes to make landfall in the U.S. in the 20th century. In 1992, damage from Hurricane Andrew was estimated at $26 billion and was the most damaging storm in U.S. history (NOAA, 2003). It was in 2005 when Hurricane Katrina made landfall that the record books changed. When Hurricane Charlie appeared in August 2004, winds ... Hurricane Charlie came just 24 hours after Hurricane Bonnie struck northwestern Florida. This was the first time in history that two hurricanes had struck the same state in a 24 hour time period. Charlie caught many by surprise when it suddenly changed direction and came ashore in the area of Captiva Island and Charlotte Harbor on August 13, 2004. The hurricane didn't meet its demise when it made its way across the state to the Atlantic. Once it entered the Atlantic near the Daytona Beach area, it went on to strike the Carolinas and then made its way to Virginia Beach. It was Hurricane Charlie that told us a lot about storm forecasting. A real fact regarding hurricane prediction is that you cannot predict what the storm will do during every moment of its life. The forecast had stated that Charlie would run north up the coast of Florida and make landfall near the Tampa area. Instead, it made a sharp right turn and roared ashore 100 miles south of its predicted target. Storm forecasting is better left to the weather experts. It is the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in Miami, Florida that takes care of the forecasting for the Atlantic states. The Weather Forecast Office (WFO) also takes care of forecasting tasks with offices located around the region. The NHC looks at the big picture, which is 3 or 4 days of forecasting, while the WFO takes that information and combines the local tidal information to forecast what the impact will be to a particular area. Hurricane impact areas for the U.S. are the entire eastern seaboard of the United States that in cludes Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. In terms of law enforcement agencies, the response to a major event such as a hurricane can overwhelm their resources.

Surrey Annual Environment Extravaganza Assignment

Surrey Annual Environment Extravaganza - Assignment Example The exposure to environmental crafts, extensive displays to create the awareness, to learn the vital lessons of gardening with the help of Surrey urban farmer's market and also to plant some of the native trees in the park are the prime attractions at the venue. Another major aspect being highlighted is the opportunity for the community groups to become an active participant in this programme with out any financial commitment. The environmental leadership programmes invites the interested community groups, organizations and even volunteers to join together to conduct inspirational and educational events with focus as the nature. Even the school groups have exclusive sessions where certain key programmes like fishing, understanding wildlife habits and habitats, and marine exploration are separately provided. Certainly this event would deliver much beyond the entertainment and enjoyment it ensures to all it visitors. This event would also help to create a small interest on environmenta l protection in the minds of every one especially the young ones who are considered as the drivers of tomorrow. Extensive research has been undertaken to assess the effect of trade fairs and also various trade initiatives to create a consciousness among consumers. The studies have also tried to evaluate the customer satisfaction levels and the utility of becoming more aware during the purchasing process. Though the literature available on the impact of environmental trade fairs might be very limited the experience gained from the research undertaken on the other sectors could be utilized to evaluate the Annual Surrey Environmental Extravaganza. One of the major issues that need to be understood is the consumer satisfaction of such international events. These type of events are arranged as a regular annual event and the proper response from the customers or visits to the trade shows cannot be ignored. Large number of studies have already been undertaken to evaluate the consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction from such staging of services. It is said that the consumer satisfaction is a relativ e judgment that gives the consideration of quality and benefit through the process of purchase and the cost that customers have to bear in acquiring the benefit (Howard and Sheth, 1969). This could also give vital idea on the level of services being offered , quality and price of product. The consumer satisfaction is said to have different dimensions like common characteristics as well as factors of differences. The differences in the dimensions refers to an affective component in a transaction that the customer experiences only after any product or services have been purchased. The analysis of market scenario in United Kingdom show that significant rise is observed in the sale of fair trade products. The effort is also continuous being taken to understand the prime drivers in this initiative which strongly advocates the concept of ethical consumerism (Nicolls, 2002). Thus it has become necessary to evolve an ethical mix strategy to keep the market growth as well as the ethical component in the consumerist behavior at an

Hewlett Packard Computers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hewlett Packard Computers - Term Paper Example Current market factors as well as projected consumer demand for computer products are assessed in light of industry opportunities and threats. The analysis compares Hewlett Packard’s overall marketing effectiveness with two of its major competitors; Dell and Apple. A number of critical issues are raised for consideration by the President and members of the company’s Board of Directors. Founded in 1939 by Bill Hewitt and Dave Packard, Hewlett Packard had its beginnings in a garage in Palo Alto, California and was later transformed into one of the world’s leading manufacturers and distributors of multi-media technology products and services (hp.com). Today, Hewlett Packard has five global regional offices serving sixty-eight countries and is the second largest technology company in the world behind Samsung. The company’s 2009 net revenues were $114.9 billion with operating profits of $10.1 billion. Sixty-four percent of net revenue was derived from operations located outside of the United States (Annual Report, 2009). The company’s core operations continue to relate to the sale of network and server platforms to businesses and government institutions and personal computers and printers. Recently, the company has attempted to develop and market its technology services division which provides technology systems design and engineering protocols for business. Since 2004, Hewlett Packard has invested in excess of $17 billion in research and product development and an additional $20 billion in the acquisition of technology-related companies such as Compaq and Palm that are intended to enhance the mission of HP (Consolidated Financial Statements, 2009). The company is governed by a twelve member Board of Directors which includes Mark Hurd as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. There are nine Executive Vice-Presidents. The responsibility for corporate marketing falls under Chris Curtin, Vice-President, Digital

Logistics in Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Logistics in Context - Essay Example Ports are a major part of the Humber region. The Seafood industry in the Humber region began as far back as the 18th century when the Grimsby Port was opened. Most of the materials that were imported through this port included iron, timber, wheat, hemp and flax. Coal was the main export material from the port. Even before the port was built, there had been a deep-rooted fishing heritage in the Humber area. Another important port in the Humber region is the Immingham Port which was formally opened in 1913 by King George (Green and Randles, 2006). The port at Hull is another important port that was built in the 12th century for the sole purpose of wool exportation to Belgium and Holland. Products such as wine, iron, wood, wax, pitch and furs were imported through this port. A dock was later built to help decongest the busy port in 1778. Another important port in the Humber region is the Goole Port which was built for the exportation of coal from Leeds to other cities (Ellis and Crowther, 1990). Other important infrastructure in the Humber region includes a Tram way that was built in 1928 to connect Immingham and Grimsby. The First RoRo berth was built in 1966. There is also the Gas jetty that focuses on the imports of butane. The jetty was built in 1985. The opening of the Humber International Terminal in 2000 greatly helped ease transport logistics between Humber and other cities in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world. The Humberside Airport, which was previously a RAF base, was opened in 1974 under the name Kirmington Airport. After its re-development in the early 90s, it became the second busiest heliport in the United Kingdom (Green and Randles, 2006). The Humber region also boasts a vast railway network which has gone a long way to make transport easier in the region. The railway network was first introduced to Grimsby in 1848 and in 1912 in Immingham. Hull’s

Population control through forced sterilization in the past and Essay

Population control through forced sterilization in the past and medication, food in the present - Essay Example In this regard, the state observed a growth of compulsory sterilization laws that encompassed progressive era reforms and the popularity concerning the eugenic movements (Eccleston 2). The reformers proposed the use of mental institutions and prisons to separate these kinds of the population from the people. On the other hand, the eugenicists proposed that the elimination of such persons from the society is the sure way of curbing the problems of criminal tendencies and disabilities. In the contemporary society, there are modifications of eugenics to involve foods and vaccines that harm the populations. Arguably, the use of eugenics has profound adverse effects on the people that consume them, hence, they should be stopped. The medical communities targeted the feebleminded people in the communities because of the challenges posed by their increased numbers. For instance, the doctors referred to the feebleminded as morons, idiots, and imbeciles claiming that they are legible to initiate crime or settle on begging. Eccleston asserts that studies conducted during those times claimed that high-grade morons would grow to become prostitutes and criminals. The research added that, women of the feeble mind bred at very high rates, thus the need to curb this phenomenon since it led to many welfare dependents and crooks (Eccleston 4). Further, the officials of the public welfare elucidated the potential of social inadequacy by relating disability, the socioeconomic status, and criminality. The state then conducted a survey indicated various challenges amongst many individuals. Eccleston notes that, the President of Campell ascertained that the survey indicated a mutual interdependency between delinquency, dependency, and mental defects. The situation meant that there was enough evidence for the state to support the use of eugenics in population control (Eccleston 5). Due to sexual defiance in the society, the

A Regional-based Motor Marketing Company Targeting the Working Class Essay

A Regional-based Motor Marketing Company Targeting the Working Class - Essay Example The program will be aired for an hour's duration twice in a week commencing at 7.30pm to 8.30pm on Mondays and Fridays. The program will recognize and invite committed consumers to make their appearances during the airing of the program to publicly declare their experiences of using the products. The program is meant to be aired for a period of one year by which time the target group will be enlightened on the necessary information regarding the company and its products. A large number of automobile customers blindly go for products that may appear attractive to their eyes. This was established as the greatest problem that the customers have with buying of the products since most of them later realize that some features of the vehicles they buy fail to conform to the expectations they had placed on the products. For the sake of informing the potential customers of all the necessary information of the company's product, the radio program will prove helpful. The potential customers will be assisted to make informed choices over the products that they wish to buy since they will be armed with all the necessary information about the product. Incorporation of the consumers into the program will act to boost the confidence of the potential customers and encourage them to buy these products. This is so because the invited customers will give their personal positive testimonies of their experiences with the automobile products thus give the impression that the products are desirable. (Sewall and Sarel 2006 p32) Proposal detail Goals and objectives The following are the goals that the program would wish to accomplish. The proposal will utilize the objectives indicated below the goals in order to accomplish these goals; 1. To create awareness of the automobile products to the actual and the potential market Objectives 1.1 To inform the customers about the availability of the company's products 1.2 To enlighten the customers on the features of the different products. 1.3 To inform customers of the regional distributors from whom they can buy the products 2. To increase the consumer base to enable greater sales Objectives 2.1 To advertise the existing products to the target market to attract more customers 2.2 To create new products for the customers to have a wider variety from where to choose 3. To win dealerships from the interested distributors 3.1 To present an attractive dealership package that can encourage the prospective salespeople to venture into selling of these products 3.2 To offer a comprehensive theoretical package indicating the requirements and expectations of the dealership 3.3 To train prospective dealers on good customer handling skills Clientele The program is directed to two groups of clients; the primary group is the working class of people who can afford to buy the automobile products and maintain them at the expected standards. This group will comprise of the newly employed white collar job workers who happen to fall in the age category of 23 years and 26 years old, and the

New York Demographics and the Economy Term Paper

New York Demographics and the Economy - Term Paper Example In coming years, the population is set to increase at a rate of 1-1.5% that can be a source of worry for the government. It was further found that 51.5% of the total population of the state are female and the remaining 48.5% are male. 53% of the total population identify themselves as Caucasian, 18% as Hispanic, 8% as Asians, and remaining as native individuals. The health status of New York State operates a state-based marketplace that is known as the NY State of Health. It is designed to help and support people to shop and enroll for health insurance coverage along with comparing insurance coverage and costs. The marketplace also helps people to check their eligibility for healthcare programs such as Medicaid. The marketplace helps people to know about the financial assistance that plays an important role in availing relevant medical and healthcare services. 2The state seems to be expanding its medical and healthcare coverage for low-income adults in order to enhance their wellbeing. Fiscal capacity of a state can be defined as the ability of a governmental jurisdiction to transform economic activities within its geographical boundaries into the public spending. The idea is to raise revenue along with keeping a transparent approach in terms of presenting data and information to the public. 3 Thus, the economic capacity of states is based on taking into the account the income produced, income received from the residents, and total property wealth along with relevant expenses on the public needs and demands. Based on the State Health Facts, it was found that the state fiscal capacity for the year 2013 fell short by $2,000 million and that was around the total shortfall of 3.4%. This was mainly because of the expenses that affected the total earnings and thus the shortfall.  

Victor Joseph Essay Example for Free

Victor Joseph Essay Not everybody can conclude or can judge what the real characteristic of a person is unless you get to know him better. We can never blame ourselves from keeping our eyes blind on the things that we don’t want to see, but in the end, what we need is a little touch of acceptance and moving on with our life without living in the past, can somehow set us free. As the main character of Smoke Signals, at first, I see Victor Joseph as a young man, who is full of grievance with his father. All his life, all he knows is that his father is alcoholic, abusive and he left him and his mother without returning. One famous line is this â€Å"Thomas you dont even know my father. Did you know that my father was the one that set your parents house on fire? Did you know that my father beat my mother? Did you know that my father beat me too†?. Victor’s language is vulgar as he utters, â€Å"You gotta look mean or people wont respect you† (Alexie, 1998) he seems to be a full grown man with full of hatred. One flashback scene in the story gave me a different view about Victor’s Father. It was when Victor’s father died. The climax begins to reveal when Victor decided to go to a trip to get the remains of Arnold. When Thomas Builds-the-Fire a young man from an Indian reservation met Victor Joseph and told him that his father has saved his life, it turns out to be a different kind of story. It’s such a twist about the characteristic of Victor’s father, Arnold, that puts Victor in great denial. Thomas and Arnold spent good times together as he always remembers him as a thoughtful person who always gives him a nice breakfast and will never forget how he saved his life. As the story ends, Victor lived his life without the guidance of his father and left him bad memories that he will never forget. Hence, we should learn to forgive and give chance to others because in every mistake, there is a corresponding will to make something good behind it. Alexie, S. 1998 Smoke Signals: A Screenplay. Hyperion, 179 pages

History And Ancient Trade Of Herbal Medicines Economics Essay

History And Ancient Trade Of Herbal Medicines Economics Essay Herbal medicines or Herbalism is a traditional or folk medicine practices based on plants and plant extracts. [3]. These medicines are sold as tablets, capsules, powder, teas, extracts, and dried or fresh plants. Herbal medicines is a most important part of all the alternative medicine systems including Ayurvedas, Chinese traditional medicines, Siddha, Homeopathy, Naturopathy and Native American and African medicines. [4]. WHO estimates that almost 80 % of the world population especially in developing world used herbal medicines for various aspects of primary health care. [5]. Herbal drugs fills the vacuum that is growing day by day due to ever increasing costs of conventional medications and poverty ridden developing world, most of them lives on less than U.S $10/- per day[6]. Contrary to conventional medicines, herbal medicines can be manufactured from plants and plant extracts which can be easily procured therefore much cost effective than conventional pharmaceutics thus providing an alternative means of medical treatments for almost three quarters of the world population. India and China are the two main exporters of herbal medicines in the world accounting for almost 15% of share of world herbal market. (China-13.5% and india-2.5%) [7]. According to WHO estimates, the present demand for medicinal plants is approximately US $80 billion a year and by the year 2050 it would raise to US $5 trillion[8]. These estimates indicate huge potential for growth in this sector of economy which is still unorganized due to various reasons even unidentified. The competition faced by the herbal drugs is stiff and ever increasing from both conventional and recently developed modalities of treatment. The economics has grown from the Adam smiths simple definition of economics of science of wealth to a more complex definition of marginal economics as proposed by Lionel Robbins in 1932 which says marginal economics applies the principal and method of economics to analyze problems faced by management of a business, or other types of organizations and to help find solution that advance the best interest of such organization. [9, 10] History and ancient trade of herbal medicines People have been using herbs growing around them for treatment of illnesses since pre historic times. One of the oldest evidence came from the ÃÆ'-tzi Ice Man lying frozen in Swiss Alps for almost 5300 years. He was found possessing two pieces of Birch bracket fungus, which he might be using to treat the whip worm infestation from which he was suffering [11]. In ancient world, probably the first documented evidence of herb use for medical purpose comes from Sumerians who used plants like caraway, thyme and laurel. Indian system of medicine, Ayurvedas, dates back to 1900 BC. [12]. Charaka and especially Sushruta described 700 medical plants in his book Sushrua Samhita. [13]. Siddha was another system of medicine which was developing in the same period in southern India (tamilnadu) [14]. Ancient Egyptian medicine also dates back to more than 1000 BC; they were expert in the use of garlic, opium, and mint and indigo among other herbs [15, 16]. Written documentation of Chinese medicine started with a mythological person known as Shennong, who according to mythology have tasted hundreds of medical herbs and poisonous plants and given his knowledge to farmers. The Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennon emperors classic of material medica) is considered first Chinese manual of pharmacology dating back to 1 century C.E. and contains 252 herbal prescriptio n for various diseases [17]. Huangdi Neijing also called as yellow emperors inner cannon consists 81 treatises of Chinese herbal medicines in question and answers format between mythological yellow emperor and his physician Qibo[18]. The ancient Greeks and Romans also made great strides in the field of medicine and herbalism as preserved in the writing of great scientists like Hippocrates and Galan. De Materia Medica was the first European medical treatises on the use of medical plants written in Greek period. In first century AD, Dioscorides wrote a comprehensive book compiling more than 500 medical plants [19, 20]. Trading was flourishing in the ancient world with Sumerians were trading with Indus valley civilization (seals with inscribed Indus valley script found at excavation at sumeria) and people with southern part of India were braving seas to trade spices and other commodities including medical herbs with far away Greeks and later Romans. In the medieval Europe, the monasteries have taken over the herbal medical science; they provided the medical knowledge and raw materials for the treatment of simple ailments. In contrast to the European world which was going through dark ages, the Arab world was bearing the torch of medicine, they built universities and first hospitals which were then known as Bimaristan .Al-dinawari and ibn al-baitar supplemented the earlier knowledge of materia medica [21,22] .Avicennas cannons of medicine (1025AD) was considered first pharmacopeia, he also introduced clinical trials, randomized control trials and efficacy testing [23]. One of the great reasons for the exploding growth of medical science in Arab world was their strategic location, which was almost the center of the known world and well connected to all important trade routes. One such route was silk route which connected china with rest of the world across the Thar desert. These trade routes gave the Arab physician means to get ma ny rare plants and knowledge about medical science, which was supplemented with their own experience and thus producing some major advancement in the field of medicine. Whereas in modern era two important events were marked, the first was the dominance of the English and publication of scientific knowledge including materia media of herbal medicine in English, the first to be published was the anonymous Grete Herball of 1526[24]. The other was the slow decline of the herbal and plant derived medicines and rise of chemical based therapeutics. This all started with The Black death of Europe when all the traditional medicines proved to be useless, so the scientists started exploring other fields for treating the ever increasing disease [25]. Need of herbal medicine in modern times After losing ground for almost three centuries the herbal drug are again gaining their market. Herbal drugs are now emerging as the Need of the day. Since the industry has developed from manual to mechanize to specialized format, the pace of Research and Development in drug industry has increased many folds in the recent past, but this has severely compromised the quality as well as the cost at which a drug is being produced. According to an estimate it took almost US $ 1.2 billion to bring a drug to market, with 10 yrs of effective patent time, but in the race of earning maximum profits and to earn large market share, many pharmaceutical companies are rapidly introducing new products in their product line through little RD and exploiting the patent knowledge of other companies. These competitive practices by the pharmaceutical firms resulted deep impact on the health of many people along with indicating the lack of corporate social responsibility among them [26]. The increasing cost of modern medicines further creates an opportunity for the herbal medicine to grab the market again, especially in the developing world. Adverse drug reaction and side effects of conventional medicines are another reason for need of less reactive and side effect free herbal drugs. However, not only these serious ADRs causes distress to the patient and make them to take more medicines to counter these ADRs but also increase the sickness leaves and bed occupancy rate in the hospitals , indirectly effecting the net productivity of the system in general and country in particular. As most of the drugs of herbal origin are produced by local community or small scale industries, it helps revive recession hit economy and increases the employment opportunities at grass root levels, and hence increasing the opportunities from autonomy of local economy, which is especially true in the case of tribal and backward regions of developing countries of Asia and Africa [27, 28]. One of the most important and upcoming concern regarding modern pharmaceutical agents is the damage they cause to the environment both physical and biological. One of the dreaded examples of this concern is the death of the vultures due to over use of drug diclofenac sodium in the farm animals [29]. Pharmaceuticals not only damage the environment after use but even during the production, a lot of toxic liquids and gases produced as pollutants during manufacturing, processing, finishing and so on resulting air and water pollutions. Decontamination of these pollutants may further increase the indirect costs, a system has to pay for the manufacture of a product. Not only it damages the aquatic flora and fauna but also increases the incidence of drug resistance in human beings[30,31,32,33]. On the other hand, being biodegradable the herbal products do not give rise to any serious environmental concern. Basic economics of herbal drugs The success of any product at a given market is grossly governed by two simple factors namely demand and supply. Demand is the mother of production, and depends on desire to buy the product, ability to pay and willingness to pay by the consumer[34]. Unfortunately, the economics of herbal drug is not as simple as in case of the conventional pharmaceutical agents. Due to lack of a global standardization of various parameters, method for testing and production has enhanced the complexity in understanding the economics of herbal drugs many folds. Further economical, political and socio-cultural differences, lack of appropriate legal framework regarding the herbal products and different pattern of consumption across the world has become a biggest challenge while dealing this growing industry. As the demand and supply law does not always holds true, the relationship become even more complex when the product is of inferior quality as in the case of the herbal drugs which are still considered to be below par then the conventional synthetic medicine. According to Robert Gissen(1837-1970), a British statistician, the inferior quality product always remains the secondary choice of the consumer. As the consumer grows and his buying power increases then they tend to shift from the lower quality to higher quality and in a way costlier products. To hold on to the existing consumers and to make inroads into the market share of conventional drugs, the herbal medicine companies have to understand the consumer demand and preferences. The feedback data from the market research should be used to make futuristic planning and assessment of the areas requiring immediate attention and can be considered for a planned and thorough research and development work. Market research can increasingly contribute to the herbal medicine industry in securing competitive edge and the market space. The market of herbal drug comprises of local, domestic, international and global stages. Value chain analysis shows the important players in different market systems. Local market: Cultivator Informal workshops factories subcontractor contractor wholesale market retailers (local chemists and hospital pharmacies). Domestic market: Cultivator informal workshop factories subcontractor contractor wholesale market middle men retailers. International market: Cultivator local factories subcontractor contractor large factories series of middlemen international retailer. Global market: RD through technical collaboration- global Cultivator global sourcing production sharing- global marketing [35]. However, it is not just the market players that influence the market economy of an industry but also the other related industries which combine to form the meta market. Meta market is defined as the cluster of complementary product and services that are closely related in the mind of the consumer but are spread across a diverse set of the industries [36]. These Meta market in case of the herbal industry are the related industries like pharmaceutical companies, raw material dealers, transportation companies, packaging industry, advertising companies, clinics and hospitals. The Meta market theory implies to the important fact that for the development of herbal industries as a whole other related industries must also have strong footing in the market. The economic development of an herbal drug is influenced by the economic condition of the domestic market as well as the global market (which includes the Meta market). The growth of domestic and global market in turn is also influenced by the each and every sector of economy including herbal drug industry. Interdependency of the market is also visible in production sharing in which different components of the same product are manufactured by different companies having best expertise, knowledge and price competitiveness. Production sharing, a term introduced by Drucker, refer to the practice of carrying out different stages of manufacturing of a product in several countries [37]. For example to manufacture and market a novel herbal drug, different stages of production can be shared by industries having competitive advantage in their respective fields like research, packaging, advertising etc., thereby cutting the cost and providing the best quality product to the consumer. Further, in order to achieve global recognition and up beat the conventional medicines, the herbal products must be required to be more consumer oriented, branded, innovative, present in various varieties, capable of curing minor to major diseases, must be appropriately priced as per the purchasing power of target group (penetration pricing), properly advertise and position in market, best in quality etc. Appropriate market plan based on product life cycle and market mix that is product, price, place, promotion can also help the industry to achieve competitive advantage over pharmaceutical industry. Market trends and global scenario Overall market is distributed evenly over all the continents. However the major trade centers are located at New York, Singapore, Rotterdam, Hamburg and London. The developing countries are playing the role of main exporters, India and China being most prominent whereas most developed countries especially the Europe and northern America are the main importers of the herbal products [38]. The main driving force for the market has two important factors, the first one being low cost and the other is the inability of the conventional medicine to cure the chronic diseases specially the diseases dealing with pain. From common cold to stroke, the herbal medicine is being used for almost every illness known to mankind [39]. Globally the collective market of herbal products is almost $ 85 billion of which $45 billion (25 lakh thousand Indian rupees) is alone the share of herbal pharmaceutics [40, 41]. Herbal pharmaceuticals are further divided into Medicinal and Aromatic plants, Medicinal and Vegetable Saps and Extracts, and Vegetable Alkaloids are having sufficient potential for high growth in future. Asia is having almost 30 % of the market share in the global herbal market, with china leading its way globally, many of its companies have been manufacturing herbal drugs and earning huge profits, some even registered 40 %growth in financial year 2008[42]. India is second largest exporter of herbal medicines, and her market trade has passed the figure of $1.1 billion in the year 2004-05[43, 44]. The growth potential and economic prospects of the herbal market can be made out from the seriousness of the effort of the govt of India, which apart from the launching many schemes for developing the herbal medicine industry, has also created an department for alternative medicines, AYUSH, under the ministry of health[45]. Two other countries in Asia which are registering high growth in this sector are Indonesia whose market $ 970 million in 2009 as against $440 million in 2008 and Malaysia which clicked 15 %growth in herbal medicine sector and the market stands at 9 billion Malaysian rupees[46,47,48]. In South America, Brazil and Argentina has become the dominant player of herbal market, with Brazils herbal market growing more than 15% since 2008[49]. European countries are the biggest importers of herbal medical product. Germany is by far the leader in herbal industry in Europe having a share of almost 30 % followed by France [41]. United States of America posted a growth of 1%which may be seen as good in its recession hit economy. The market stands at $ 4.8 billion despite the slowdown [41]. Herbal medicines under the law are sold as food supplements rather than medicines in America. The people are tuning to herbalism mainly to stay healthy and for primary prevention of diseases. It is also being used for chronic ailments like back pain and joint pain. There is huge potential for growth in the herbal market in USA, as almost 38 % of adults and 11.8 % of children had used herbal medicines at least ones in their life [50]. There is a growing demand for the herbal medicines all over the world particularly in the developed countries. The conventional treatment is ineffective or less effective in many diseases; this is where the herbal medicine is scoring the points. The companies are investing huge amount of capital for the development of the drugs treating chronic and resistant diseases which include cancer, liver ailments, anti-aging drugs and also in manufacturing novel food supplements [51]. With the growth of mass media and easily available sources of knowledge, especially internet, and increasing cost of medical checkups, the common masses are now relying more on disease prevention and self medication giving further boost to the herbal industry. Herbal drug as an industry Sustained growth shown by the herbal industries is attracting good amount of investments. Many pharmaceutical companies are now diversifying and herbal medicine is becoming one of their core areas of the investment. India and China are the two important centers of herbal drug manufacturing industries. India has a vast resource of raw materials and her traditional medicine practitioners uses approximately 7000 species of medicinal plants [52]. The major herbal plants being exported by India are fruit of amla (embelica officinalis), roots of milathi (glycyrrhiza glabra) and seeds of Asoka (saraca indica) [53]. Dabur India limited (Ghaziabad), the Himalaya drug corporation (Bangalore), Hamdard laboratories (Delhi) and Zandu pharmaceutical work ltd. (Mumbai) are the top Indian herbal medicine companies [53]. On the other hand, China also has huge resource potential with at least 5000 medical plants of different variety in use [54]. Ginkgo biloba is one of the top most plants being exported and Talsy pharmaceutical is one of the important company manufacturing herbal medicines in china [55]. Most of the herbal products are exported to the developed countries in the west. According to a survey Omega 3 (37.4 %), glucosamine (19.9 %) and Echinacea (19.9 %) are the three top most grossing herbal drugs in USA [56]. Similarly Ginkgo biloba has been in high demands in many European and American countries [55]. There has been a greater tendency of the conventional pharmaceutical companies to explore the herbal drug option, not only to expand their market share in profit making industry but also to boost the new drug discovery and allied research by gaining the knowledge in the herbal medicine system [57]. Companies are now patenting their products and making profit by either marketing the product themselves or selling it to other major players. Words like acquisition, outsourcing and joint venture are becoming common in the global herbal market. Companies like Ranbaxy were among the first to announce the induction of herbal drugs in their product list [58]. Pfizer announce the joint venture with a British herbal company for the manufacture and marketing of an anti-fat pill as early as 1998[59]. But the watershed point in this trend came when leading British herbal drug company, potters herbal medicine, was acquired by the Swiss pharmaceutical giant Galenica limited in a whooping $970 millio n deal [60]. This trend again gained momentum when Danish medical tycoon, Erik Sprunk-Janser bought the exclusive rights to 25 herbal products from traditional Arabic medicine system [61]. Overall the professional approach of the more experienced pharmaceutical industries brought two important gains in herbal medicine market, first they gave the herbal drugs more exposure to diverse medicinal markets and increased the coverage by much needed advertisements and secondly the provided capital for research and standardization of the herbal preparation. The annual turnover of major system of medicine in India, namely Ayurvedas, Siddhas and Unani, is estimated to be more than one billion dollars [62]. The gap between the demand and supply is ever increasing and is expected to rise from the present value of 2 lakh tons to 4 lakh tons in five year time [63]. This supply and demand gap creates fertile ground for the setup of manufacturing industries including small and medium manufacturing units. On one hand, the increase of units would create employment; on the other hand it will help in growth of allied industries including cultivation, processing, packaging and transportation. This huge investment potential should be boosted by some concrete steps on the part of the government. One such step that is needed is the policy making and introducing laws in relation to the manufacture and standardization of the herbal drugs. Indian government has taken many steps in the development of herbal market, creating a full-fledged department of AYUSH for dealing in the herbal and traditional medicines, enforcing laws for proper manufacturing, testing and prescribing the herbal drugs. Many entrepreneur developing programs to motivate and assist them in the form of loan and additional knowledge for setting up of small scale industries are a few to count on [64]. Rate limiting steps in the development of herbal industry With all the euphoria around the herbal industry, there are some grey areas which are holding back its growth. One of the most important negative feedback has come from the most unexpected quarters, which is the risk and the side effects associated with herbal drugs. The Ayurvedic drugs are being increasing criticized for the use of heavy metals including lead, arsenic and thallium well above the safety limits, in their prescription, which may be leading to heavy metal poisoning [65,66]. Some of the herbal plants like Saint Johns wart have been implicated for some very serious side effects. There is also growing concern about the drug interaction that may be there with other medications, synthetic as well as natural. Saint Johns Wart and ginkgo biloba are classical examples of such drug interactions, Saint Johns Wart is found to be interfering in the functioning of drugs like warfarine, estrogen preparation and theophylline [67]. Similarly ginkgo balboa is found to be interacting wit h paracetamol, aspirin and warfarin [68, 69]. Microbial contamination and adulteration with harmful substances also increases the suspicion there by producing hysteria among general population [70,71]. To overcome these constrains guidelines have been formulated for proper standardization and manufacture of these drugs. Some of the points included are 1) Scientific cultivation and proper identification of the medicinal plants by qualified botanists, 2) Processing the medicinal plants and their extracts in a scientific manner, 3) Isolation of the active chemical principal and characterizing its properties, 4) Proper pharmacological studies and preclinical and clinical trials before introducing the drugs into the market and post marketing surveillance, 5) Proper documentation of the research. [72] However in order to ensure the growth and development of herbal industry, formulation of an international and national policy and laws regulating the use, prescription and manufacturing of herbal drugs are also required. Today only a few countries have such laws in place. Government would further help this industry through, tax rebates, low health insurance etc in developing a potential product. Regulation and policy regarding herbal medicines [73,74,75] The legal status of the herbal medicines varies from country to country. It is regarded as an established medicine in some countries but in others it is still considered as food. So the policy and regulation of the herbal medicines are required- To facilitate the integration of traditional medicine into national health care systems; To promote the rational use of traditional medicine through the development of technical guidelines and international standards in the field of herbal medicine and acupuncture; To act as a clearing house for the dissemination of information on various forms of traditional medicine. As it was recognised that a huge chunk of the population still relies on the traditional medicines for their primary health care needs, WHO as the parent body started taking steps to integrate the traditional and herbal medicinal system to the conventional system. The initial step came with Alma ata declaration in 1978, which recommended inclusion of proven traditional medicines into national drug policy and regulatory measures. The policy of the WHO regarding traditional medicine was presented in the Director- Generals report on Traditional Medicine and Modern Health Care to the Forty-fourth World Health Assembly 1991, which stated that WHO collaborated with its Member States in the review of national policies, legislation and decisions on the nature and extent of the use of traditional medicine in their health systems. Herbal medicines have been included in the International Conference on Drug Regulatory Authorities (ICDRA) since the Fourth Conference in 1986. A WHO consultation in Munich, Germany, June 1991, drafted Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines which was adopted for general use by the Sixth ICDRA in Ottawa, October 1991. These guidelines define basic criteria for the evaluation of quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines to assist national regulatory authorities, scientific organizations, and manufacturers to undertake an assessment of the documentation, of submissions and/or the dossiers in respect of such products legal status: India, India has almost 291,000 traditional medical practitioners has a well framed legal system. The traditional medicines are regulated by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules of 1945. No products derived from traditional systems may be manufactured without a licence from the State Drug Control Authorities. Patent and proprietary medicines derived from the traditional systems must contain ingredients which are mentioned in the standard books and Pharmacopoeias of that medical system. A drug is defined as being safe if it causes no known or potential harm to users. There are three categories of safety that need to be considered: . Category 1: safety established by use over long time Category 2: safe under specific conditions of use (such herbal medicines should preferably be covered by well-established documentation) Category 3: herbal medicines of uncertain safety (the safety data required for this class of drugs will be identical to that of any new substance) [75]. China Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of more than 4 000 years. The Chinese Materia Medica is one of the most extensive sources of literature on medicinal plants. With regard to their legal status, herbal medicines in China are considered as medicinal products with special requirements for marketing, for example a quality dossier, safety and efficacy evaluation, and special labelling. New drugs have to be examined and approved according to the guidelines provided by the Drug Administration Law, which also grant an approval number to the new drug. After that the final product is marketed. The Drug Administration Law of the Peoples Republic of China was enacted on 20 September 1984, which encourages the simultaneous development of both traditional and modern medicine. The drug manufacturing enterprise, Article 5 states that It should be staffed with an adequate number of pharmacists or technical personnel with a title equivalent to or higher than associate engineer and skilled workers adaptable to the scale of drug production. Article 31 states The sale of medicinal plant materials newly discovered or introduced from abroad is not allowed unless it is approved by the health bureau of the province, autonomous region or municipality A new drug will be approved for clinical use and a licence issued by the Ministry of Public Health, if the clinical trial or clinical verification has been completed and an appraisal of its efficacy has been made. Owning to Pursuant to Articles 21 and 22 of the Drug Administration Law, on 1 July 1985, the new TCM drugs are classified under five categories: Category 1 Artificial imitations of TCM herbs; Newly discovered medicinal plants and their preparations; Single active principle extracted from TCM plants material and their preparations. Category 2 Chinese medicinal herbal injections; Parts of TCM medicinal plants newly employed as a remedy and their preparations; Non-single components extracted from TCM and natural plants and their preparations; TCM materials obtained by artificial techniques in vivo and their preparations. Category 3 New TCM preparations; Combined preparations of TCM and modern medicine in which TCM medicine is the main component; Cultivated material which traditionally is imported. Category 4 New dosage forms or new routes of administration of TCM drug; Materials introduced from other parts of the country and those for cultivation instead of harvesting in The wild. Category 5 TCM products with new and additional indications. Indonesia The Directorate of Traditional Drug Control was established under the Directorate General of Drugs and Food Control of the Ministry of Health in 1975. Since than the government has set many guidelines for traditional medicines regarding: Production, distribution and labelling of traditional drugs; Procedure for registration of traditional drugs and imported crude drugs; Licensing of traditional drugs and imported traditional drugs; and Control requirements, such as for a production code, labelling and advertisement Traditional drugs foreign origins are not permitted to be imported into Indonesia, except in special cases when a licence was granted. The Directorate General of Drugs and Food Control has published the Indonesian Farmacopea and six volumes of the Materia Medika Indonesia. These publications discuss the formal requirements for crude herbal drugs and give further information about local name, section microscopic drawing, crude drug powder and a crude drug colour picture. Germany The share of herbal medical drugs is almost equal to 10% of the whole pharmaceutical industry in Germany in 1989. According to a study conducted by Allensbach Institute

Knowledge Management Knowledge Creation in Organization

Knowledge Management Knowledge Creation in Organization In the present age, knowledge management (KM) is playing increasingly important role in both public and private organizations. However, there are many organizations did not realize the importance of KM. This value asset can contribute most of learning organizations in achieving their business aims and goals. To compete effectively in this twenty first century, organizations need to be aware on the environment changes within the organization and they needs to be the one that creates information and knowledge. In order to achieve this, both top management and support staff must be active key players in creating knowledge. Creating knowledge is not the matter of learning from others or obtaining knowledge from outside but knowledge must be built on its own through communication and interaction among people in the organization. Moreover, knowledge creation is part of knowledge management that is seen as heart to the successful of organizations where KM tasks involved in capturing the cre ativity, sharing and utilization of knowledge as well as professional that provides with competitive edge. This article is critically emphasizes on knowledge management and knowledge creation with SECI model, Ba concept and case study in regard to organizational adaption, survival and competence. Keywords: knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge creation, SECI model Ba concept, competitive edge, tacit and explicit knowledge Introduction Knowledge is now seems to be the significant to organization success where organization able to secure its competitive advantage and competent to achieve sustainable superior performance. As pointed out in Migliarese and Verteramo (2005) article based on Alvesson (1995), Drucker (1988) Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), Prusak (1997), many authors agreed that this competitive advantage relies on the ability to create new knowledge, to spread it throughout the organization and also to express that knowledge in products, services and systems. Knowledge creation also should be important part in any business strategy as this has agreed by many executives (Migliarese and Verteramo 2005). While organizational capability to create knowledge is the most important source of organization to sustain its competitive advantage (Junnakar, 1997; Nonaka et al., 2000; Parent et al., 2000). While organizational knowledge creation, need to be understood as a process that organizationally increases by individuals and develops it as a part of the knowledge network of the organization (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Tacit and explicit knowledge are another crucial element that involved in the creating of knowledge. Tacit knowledge is important in creating knowledge in organization where logically this knowledge is created only by individuals. Nowadays, technology is crucial element that contributes to the creating of knowledge; however, knowledge management is not a technology. Technology is only a platform that enabled the activities of creati on and people is the one who produce the knowledge. Knowledge Management Concept There are numerous of knowledge management concept has been defined by various researchers and practitioners and there is no limitation to defined it. The concept of knowledge management in todays globalization world has brought to widen aspect, where it applies based on the circumstances of certain place, time as well as space. According to Awad and Ghaziri (2001) in their book of Knowledge Management, considered the knowledge management concept as a new interdisciplinary business model that has knowledge within the framework of an organization as its focus. Knowledge management is not only emphasizes on specific area of subject but it also covers all aspect of life comprising business, economic, psychology and information management. Becerra-Fernandez et al. (2004) have defined knowledge management as doing what is needed to get the most out of knowledge resources. Based on Awad and Ghaziri (2001) as taken from Malhotra (1999) stated that knowledge management provides to the seriou s issues of organizational adaption, survival and competence in the aspect of progressively discontinuous environmental. Basically, it represents organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technology and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings. In addition, knowledge management is seen as a repository where the composed of facts and information that can be stored, retrieved and transferred in order to run the business organization effectively. Besides, knowledge management also is more than getting the right information to the right individual at the right time. In upon of views by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), people do not only receive new knowledge passively but they interpret the knowledge actively in order to fit with their own situation and perspectives. Further, knowledge management assists people to share and put information in action in order to achieve the organization goals. However, Bodhanya (2008) argued that knowledge management cannot be considered as important for organizational success in the contemporary world because this may only be the case under certain conditions. Knowledge management is really about the relationships between people, process and technology in overlapping parts (Figure 1). In order to manage knowledge, organization must first list its people, systems and decisions as well. Even though there are still have yet to agree the definition on knowledge management from researchers and practitioners (Awad and Ghaziri, 2001), each definition of knowledge management should include the above three important elements as these elements enable the organization to position itself and has positive impact on business processes. Knowledge K Figure 1: Overlapping human, organizational and technological factors of KM Source: Awad, E.M. Ghaziri, H. M. Knowledge Management. International ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2004 Knowledge Creation Sabel (1994) as cited by Diego Puga and Daniel Trefler (2002) pointed out that knowledge creation is about shifting products and processes in theoretically ways of unpredictable. While as Soo, Divenney and Midgley (1999) have stated that knowledge creation is broadly known to be strategically essential for both organizational learning and innovation. In a different views, Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) said knowledge creation is basically depends on the mobilization and conversion of tacit knowledge. In the other hand, knowledge can be created through the process of tacit knowledge transfer as well as the conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. In addition, Choi and Lee (2002) referred to the views of Bloodgood and Salibury (2001) and Bohn (1994) said that, the continuous process that involves individuals and group of people within the organization and between organization share tacit and explicit knowledge is also known as knowledge creation. While for Ratcheva (2003) new k nowledge creation is collectively constructed and embedded in the organising practices of virtual teams activities. As written by Balestrin, Vargas and Fayard (2008) in their articles that taken from Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), knowledge creation is considered as a process of knowledge conversion. Knowledge conversion is the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge in the innovative of human beings activities where they are not isolated entities but complimentary entities. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) have introduced a model of knowledge creation known as SECI model that involved socialization, externalization, combination and internalization. SECI process will be function effectively with the support of proper context (Balestrin, Vargas and Fayard 2008) that covers the aspect of time, space and relationship between people in the organization. However, for Awad and Ghaziri (2001), the knowledge creation is related to the updated knowledge which is based on the experiences in a certain problem area and utilizes the new knowledge in combination with initial knowledge in order to update the knowledge for the purpose of knowledge sharing. In different point of views by Lehaney et al. (2004), knowledge creation is a key factor in competitiveness in a service economy where the creation of new ideas, new methods to market the existing products, upgraded old products and brand new products are all based on idea. Two Dimensions of Knowledge Creation According to Daud et al. (2008), knowledge creation has two dimensions, which are epistemological and ontological. The epistemological knowledge creation dimension comprises of both tacit and explicit knowledge. As mentioned in the book of The Knowledge Creating Company by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), tacit knowledge is personal where it is difficult to formalize and communicate as it basically in peoples mind such as ideas and thought while explicit knowledge is a knowledge that is transmittable in formal with systematic language. However Daud et al. (2008) defined explicit knowledge as a knowledge that is described in symbols such as mathematical formula and statements. The interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge is presented in the Nonaka and Takeuchi SECI model. This model is basically shows the relationship between tacit and explicit knowledge with different modes of knowledge conversion in order to develop important information and knowledge as for the business purposes . In ontological knowledge creation dimension, it emphasizes more on the different level of knowledge creating entities which involves individual, group, organization and inter-organization (Daud et al., 2008). The concept of ontological dimension can be portrayed that it is impossible to create knowledge without a people where knowledge only can be created by them. Organization also need to have a clear understanding towards the created knowledge and should constitute it as a part of knowledge network of the organization. Knowledge Creation and Four Modes of Knowledge Conversion Based on the assumption that knowledge is created through the collaboration between tacit and explicit knowledge made by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), allows them to produce model of SECI modes. These four different modes were presented in the simple square box (Figure 2) and the conversion of knowledge consists of socialization (tacit knowledge to tacit knowledge), externalization (tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge), combination (explicit knowledge to explicit knowledge) and internalization (explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge). In socialization modes, knowledge is created through the interaction between people and mental models or knowledge sharing among team members in the organizations such as team meetings and discussion. As stated by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), individual can acquire tacit knowledge without language. While the concept of combination modes refer to the process of socialization where it merges different type of explicit knowledge that is produced by individual. This mode will be take place when individuals exchange and merge knowledge such as through meetings and phone conversation. According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), the reconfiguring of existing information through the sorting, adding, recategorizing and recontextualizing of explicit knowledge can assist in the production of new knowledge. Another two modes is the knowledge conversion process of both tacit to explicit communication also referred to as externalization and internalization modes. Externalization mode is very important in articulating among team through dialogue such as formal meeting and brainstorming. The process helps the team members to articulate the hidden tacit knowledge. This mode is different with internalization mode where it related to learning by doing such as a report and deducing ideas or taking constructive action. Socialization Externalization Combination Internalization Tacit Knowledge Tacit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge Figure 2: Conversion of knowledge between tacit and explicit forms Source: Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) Principally, in order to ensure the SECI process occurs effectively, Balestrin et al., (2008) said a proper context is required. This proper context referred to the concept of ba that developed by Nonaka and Konno (1998). The ba concept is originally created by Kitaro Nishida (Nonaka and Konno, 1998) which means multi context place (Kivijarvi, 2008). According to Nonaka, Toyama and Konno (2001, p. 22) ba can be defined as a shared context in which knowledge is shared, created and utilize. Each ba in ba concept supports a particular mode of knowledge conversion in the SECI process (Nonaka and Konno, 1998; Balestrin et al., 2008) as represented in Figure 2. This topic of ba concept will be explained further in the next topic. Knowledge Creation and the Characteristic of the Four Types of Ba According to Nonaka and Konno (1998), ba concept consists of four types of elements namely originating ba, interacting ba, cyber ba and exercising ba. While, Nonaka et al., (2002) have categorized it with different name of ba, there are originating ba, dialoguing ba, systemitizing ba and exercising ba. However, both opinions have similar concept. Each ba supports a particular mode of SECI model (Nonaka and Konno, 1998; Nonaka et al., 2002) and this lead to increase the speed of knowledge creation within the organization (Nonaka and Konno, 1998). For John and Cook (2001), it is very important to understand the characteristics of ba with the relationship of knowledge creation modes (SECI modes) to enhance organizational knowledge. Within a given perspective, this article will be followed the terms created by Nonaka et al. (2002). C:UsersIJAPictures2.jpg Figure 3: Types of Ba Source: Nonaka, Toyama and Konno (2002) taken from Balestrin et al. (2008) Originating ba is the beginning of the process of knowledge creation where it involves socialization mode (SECI model). Originating ba is the situation where individuals share their feelings, emotions, experiences and mental models. This can be achieved through the face to face interaction such as social gatherings and informal meetings (Trips and visits). Dialoguing ba is the second phase of ba concept where it refers to the situation where dialogue is a key to the conversion between people. This ba supports the conversion and articulation of tacit knowledge into a more external form. This means, individuals share their experiences and abilities, and finally transform it into common terms and concepts. While systematizing ba is the situation where it offers a context that combine explicit knowledge with the existing knowledge in the organization. For exercising ba, it allows the knowledge that has been socialized, externalized and systematized to be interpreted again or in the other hand it offers a context for the internalization of the knowledge again. Ba concept can be applied in the organization where it will guide an assist organization in analysing valuable basis for knowledge creation. As mentioned by Nonaka and Konnon (1998) awareness of different categories of ba can enable successful support of knowledge creation. Case Studies: Knowledge Creation in Organization This section will be presented one case studies about knowledge creation in the organization with the adaption of ba concept. Knowledge creation within the AGIVEST network Association of Rio Grande do Sul (AGIVEST) is a clothing industry that is located in southern Brazil. Based on the case study done in this small firm network, it was found out that majority knowledge is created from the information and knowledge sharing through the interaction between people in the organization. And this knowledge sharing occurs informally between the businessmen. Besides, several spaces in which this factor takes place in the network were identified. It was discovered that the effective process of knowledge creation in the AGIVEST that supported by the different types of ba concept lead to the creation of valuable knowledge assets in order to develop value and competitive differential for the organization. Various types of ba were identified and each type of ba identified works as different situation that promotes an effective platform as to make knowledge creation easier between the network firms. Based on the findings, there are 7 (seven) types of ba have been identified which consist of meetings at firms, assemblies, social gatherings, trips and visits to fairs, courses and lectures, strategic planning and electronic space. All the types of ba have been categorized according to respective ba as represented in Figure 4 below. As can be seen in the Figure 4, visits to factories, trips and visits to fairs and social gatherings and informal meetings were group under originating ba. As discussed above originating ba is a platform for individual to socialize with others through face to face interaction which they can share their feelings as well as experiences. In AGIVEST, the visits by businessmen between network industries assist them to identify enhancements of their business in the aspect of production processes, technologies and other production concepts. Through the visits and social gatherings also help them to strengthen the relationship between industries and increase the trustworthiness among networks. In fact, AGIVEST businessmen obtained chances to know the other experiences and cooperate together on the trends and challenges as well. C:UsersIJAPictures1.jpg Figure 3: Types of Ba in the AGIVEST Source: Balestrin et al. (2008) While in dialoguing ba, assist AGIVEST in to develop a good strategy in order to ensure their business stay competitive with others. It also helps in structuring their best network strategy planning as it were participated by all network businessmen. Through formal assemblies, they can take an action based on the planning that has been structured at collective decision making process in order to achieve its business goals and objectives. Electronic communication and courses and lectures occur under the systematizing ba. This stage helps the businessmen to share their knowledge that has been received from the previous stage of ba. As stated by Henderson and Sussman (1997), computer mediated communication may lead to the development quality knowledge creation through forum, and sharing beliefs, in order to confirming consensual interpretation and allowing expression of new ideas. However, limitation on it ensued in AGIVEST due to the systematization resources for knowledge was fragile and deficient, mainly in the aspect of non-existence of use of IT system. Finally, exercising ba was taken place as to produce new management concept and new production process. In short, by applying the ba concept, it helps the AGIVEST in observing the interaction between their networks that lead to the creation of knowledge. From the collected findings, it was discovered that most of the knowledge creation occurred in the AGIVEST was resulted from the informal communication between the businessmen. However, this evidence is not actually a definitive theory but it purposes to encourage further research concerning on knowledge creation and small firm network in the academic community. Conclusion As conclusion, many different types of knowledge can be created within the organization. Basically knowledge creation occurs in the organization is resulted from the interaction between people in the organization, and then this knowledge is captured and share among them for the purpose of business development. According to Ratcheva (2003), the creation of new knowledge is socially embedded in interaction and communication practices. She also said that new knowledge creation processes in virtual partnership exist in in the networks of professionals and the interaction and communication forms and rules established amongst team members decide how knowledge is gathered. Every individual in organization need to participate in the process of knowledge creation as this will lead to produce good answer to the presence problem. This method is very useful because by sharing knowledge whether in both formal and informal meetings can develop new management concept as well as better solutions for specific problems as these meetings were participated by various levels of people in the organization. All of them may contribute an idea based on their experiences at different level of job environments. However, according to Roth (2003) it is a challenge for all organizations to enhance effective knowledge creation within and between diverse knowledge areas, as significant in the deep professional knowledge area as in the cross-functional team area or other communities of practice. In reality, most of the existing study done on knowledge creation is emphasizes on the source and state of knowledge (John and Cook, 2001). Further study on this topic is needed to identify more comprehensive approach towards the creation of organizational knowledge, where the successful process of knowledge creation is resulted from the much cooperation and knowledge sharing between many organizations. Based on John and Cook (2001), research is needed where it must be beyond the source and state of knowledge in order to consider the conditions that enable knowledge creation. BIBLIOGRAPHY MLA Awad, E.M. Ghaziri, H. M. Knowledge Management. International ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2004 Adamo, Jean-Marc. Data Mining for Association Rules and Sequential Patterns: Sequential and Parallel Algorithms. United States, America: Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 2001. An Introduction to Data Mining. January 25, 2010. Data Mining. January 25, 2010. Data Mining Picture. February 10, 2010. Data Mining: What is Data Mining? January 25, 2010. Decision tree technique picture. February 10, 2010. Dennis, C., David M. Tony C. Data Mining for Shopping Centers: Customer Knowledge Management Framework. Journal of Knowledge Management. 5 (4) (2001):368-374. Dunham, Margaret H. Data Mining Introductory and Advanced Topics. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. Folorunso, O. Ogunde, A.O. Data Mining as a Technique for Knowledge Management in business process redesign. Information Management Computer Security. 13 (4) (2008): 274-280. Genetic Algorithms Mechanism Picture. February 10, 2009 Inmon, W.H, John A. Z. Jonathan G.G. Data Stores, Data Warehousing and the Zachman Framework Managing Enterprise Knowledge. United States, America: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Lee, S. J. Siau, K. A Review of data mining techniques. 101.1 (2001): 41-46. 25 January 2010. Nemati, H.R. Barko, C.D. Key factors for achieving organizational data-mining success. Industrial Management Data Systems. 103 (4) (2003): 282-292. Pendhakar, P. C. Managing Data Mining Technologies in Organizations: Techniques and Applications. United States, America: Idea Group Publishing, 2003. Wang, J. Data Mining Opportunities and Challenges. United States, America: Idea Group Publishing, 2002. Westpal, C. Balxton, T. Data Mining Solutions: Methods and Tolls for Solving Real-World Problems. Canada: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1998

Orwells Perception of the Political Power of Language Essay -- Politi

Orwell's Perception of the Political Power of Language As an author, George Orwell is concerned with the modern use and misuse of the English language. He notes the recognized ability of language to distort truth and deceive masses in his essay "Politics and the English Language", and attempts to alert the public of this power in his novel Nineteen-Eighty-Four . Depicting dystopia of a totalitarian system at a complete extreme, Orwelll's novel is essentially about psychological control of the public. In the creation of "Newspeak", Orwell portrays the effects of recurring abuse of language by government, and demonstrates how language can be used politically to manipulate minds on a monumental scale, eventually birthing a society in which people obey the government unquestionably. As argued in his essay and actualized in the novel, language acts as an instrument of mind-control, with the goal of perpetual elimination of individual consciousness and maintenance of a totalitarian regime. Orwell's essay begins with the understanding that "†¦the present political chaos is connected with the decay of language". In evaluating trends in current language, such as the use of pretentious diction and meaningless words, he argues that an individual morphs into a type of human machine , simply regurgitating information without involving any of his or her own thoughts. As Orwell says in the essay, "Political language . . . is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind" . In Nineteen-Eighty-Four, this phenomenon is depicted in the development of Newspeak. Developed chiefly to restrict the range of one's thought and shorten memory, Newspeak is an ideal language for a totali... ...mps: this is called elimination of unreliable elements" . Thus the use of Newspeak in Oceania similarly serves to uphold political obedience. As the Inner Party has the ability to alter the structure of language in Nineteen-Eighty-Four, it makes the conception of nonconformist and rebellious thought impossible, thus eliminating any questioning of the Party's absolute power. Both Orwell's novel and essay carry a grave warning about the political powers of language. He uses his media to demonstrate not only how language can cloak truth, but also how language can be used as an ultimate tool for maintenance of totalitarian regimes. While language is usually thought to extend cultural considerations and improve one's understanding of the world, Orwell's works illustrate how it can, when used in a vicious political way, become an instrument against human consciousness.

Metaphysical Conceit Essay -- English Literature

Metaphysical Conceit Metaphysical Conceita highly ingenious kind of conceit widely used by the metaphysical poets, who explored all areas of knowledge to find, in the startlingly esoteric or the shockingly commonplace, telling and unusual analogies for their ideas. Metaphysical conceits often exploit verbal logic to the point of the grotesque and sometimes achieve such extravagant turns on meaning that they become absurd (e.g. Richard Crashaw's description of Mary Magdalene's eyes as "Two walking baths; two weeping motions,/Portable and compendious oceans"). These conceits work best when the reader is given a perception of a real but previously unsuspected similarity that is enlightening; then they may speak to our minds and emotions with force. Examples of potential metaphysical conceits->love is like an oil change; love is like a postage stamp; love is like a pair of compasses; the soul of a sinner is like a damaged pot. As you can see, the temptation to be merely clever must be hard to resist, while the difficulty in making such a conceit truly effective is quite considerable. The Flea 1. Background: Étienne Pasquier and Catherine Desroches, 1579. Pseudo-Ovidian flea poems in which the lover wishes to become a flea in order to gain enhanced access to the beloved's charms; theme is often bestialization of the lover by his own passion. 2. Plot is simple: a) speaker points to a flea that has jumped from him to the woman and bites both; b) she has hunted down and caught the flea; speaker tries to dissuade her from killing it; c) she disregards his pleas and kills it. N.B. all the action occurs between the stanzas. Elaboration: he has argued that their being bitten by the flea is tantamount to ha... ...en the most moronic of women-unless she were as desirous of being convinced as the speaker is of convincing her-and this one is far from moronic. She is clearly not bewildered or dazzled by these arguments. The whole poem has the air of a little intellectual game indulged in by these two, both of them knowing what the outcome will be even if they don't quite know how the conclusion will be reached, and both enjoying the game for its own sake, rather than that of a serious attempt to lead someone astray. If the poem is read this way, the fact that the argument is false, is pure sophistry, is at least beside the point and can even become a strength-it is the interaction between the participants that is central. Donne (also Spenser, see 28, 29, 75, 54) frequently uses argument as a form of love-play and posits a woman who is an intellectual match for the man.

Clones Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the past few centuries, technology has reached a new level. With breakthroughs from the invention of electricity to the development of the Internet, these advances have made a huge impact on society. Every day brings the question of what will come next, and what technologies will further enhance the world. Science fiction novels and movies are essentially based on the wonder of future technologies. One of the biggest issues in the development of technology is cloning. The word clone is used in many different contexts in biological research but in its most simple and strict sense, it refers to a precise genetic copy of a molecule, cell, plant, animal, or human being.1 Human cloning has been a largely controversial focus in the area of cloning, mainly, the ethics of cloning. People have differed opinions about the ethics of cloning. Some people think that cloning is not morally right, cloning is erosion of respect for sexuality, and it is against the will of god, fearing what is new and different. Other people think that cloning is beneficial to children, aiding to infertile couples, medically sufficient, and improving to humanity. Public law and policy also comes into play in the ethics of cloning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Cloning does take place naturally to some extent. This is shown when identical twins are conceived. However, the likelihood of this occurrence is limited by chance. Even when identical twins are conceived, they originate from one single zygote that is split during the early stage of pregnancy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antosh 2 Scientists are able to clone DNA, which is the genetic makeup of a human being. These DNA fragments are enlarged in a host cell. This process makes many scientific experiments possible. This process, often called molecular cloning, is the mainstay of recombinant DNA technology and has led to the production of such important medicines as insulin to treat diabetes, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to dissolve clots after a heart atta... ...ere are many reasons why religions look down upon human cloning. Most importantly, cloning humans is in a sense, playing God. As often happens when a powerful new scientific tool is developed, the announcement that mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning was possible generated strong warnings against â€Å"playing God.†8 Religions feel that birth is and should remain a natural process. People should not try to create humans when it is not their purpose, but only God’s purpose. It is not a human being’s right to make a decision on an unnatural creation of another human, especially for the sole benefits to oneself. It is said in the bible that God created man in his own image. Human cloning would be seen as sinful in the Church’s eyes. Antosh 6 There are positive aspects as well as negative aspects to human cloning, but since it is clear that the positive aspects to cloning are limited in their benefits, there is more reason to ban human cloning. Cloning can get out of control as far as it can pose the threat of people abusing the right of the genetic engineering tool. Although it may enhance the medical field, it would still degrade the sociological structure of today’s world. Clones Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the past few centuries, technology has reached a new level. With breakthroughs from the invention of electricity to the development of the Internet, these advances have made a huge impact on society. Every day brings the question of what will come next, and what technologies will further enhance the world. Science fiction novels and movies are essentially based on the wonder of future technologies. One of the biggest issues in the development of technology is cloning. The word clone is used in many different contexts in biological research but in its most simple and strict sense, it refers to a precise genetic copy of a molecule, cell, plant, animal, or human being.1 Human cloning has been a largely controversial focus in the area of cloning, mainly, the ethics of cloning. People have differed opinions about the ethics of cloning. Some people think that cloning is not morally right, cloning is erosion of respect for sexuality, and it is against the will of god, fearing what is new and different. Other people think that cloning is beneficial to children, aiding to infertile couples, medically sufficient, and improving to humanity. Public law and policy also comes into play in the ethics of cloning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Cloning does take place naturally to some extent. This is shown when identical twins are conceived. However, the likelihood of this occurrence is limited by chance. Even when identical twins are conceived, they originate from one single zygote that is split during the early stage of pregnancy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antosh 2 Scientists are able to clone DNA, which is the genetic makeup of a human being. These DNA fragments are enlarged in a host cell. This process makes many scientific experiments possible. This process, often called molecular cloning, is the mainstay of recombinant DNA technology and has led to the production of such important medicines as insulin to treat diabetes, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to dissolve clots after a heart atta... ...ere are many reasons why religions look down upon human cloning. Most importantly, cloning humans is in a sense, playing God. As often happens when a powerful new scientific tool is developed, the announcement that mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning was possible generated strong warnings against â€Å"playing God.†8 Religions feel that birth is and should remain a natural process. People should not try to create humans when it is not their purpose, but only God’s purpose. It is not a human being’s right to make a decision on an unnatural creation of another human, especially for the sole benefits to oneself. It is said in the bible that God created man in his own image. Human cloning would be seen as sinful in the Church’s eyes. Antosh 6 There are positive aspects as well as negative aspects to human cloning, but since it is clear that the positive aspects to cloning are limited in their benefits, there is more reason to ban human cloning. Cloning can get out of control as far as it can pose the threat of people abusing the right of the genetic engineering tool. Although it may enhance the medical field, it would still degrade the sociological structure of today’s world.

Essay on Horatio Essay

Often overlooked in the critical analysis of the play, Horatio is a character whose actions are of no major importance, yet in the context of the play’s meaning, his role is crucial. Like the Ghost, Horatio helps Shakespeare to refine the concept of the virtuous man. This is shown through Horatio’s ideals, his relationship with Hamlet, their differences and similarities. We assume that his studies in Wittenberg make develop his rational thinking and thus he would naturally reject the possibility of a ghost – however he is the one to tell Hamlet about his father’s apparition. Even after witnessing the Ghost, Horatio remains a rationalist. His mind is sober, and he encourages Hamlet to preserve self-control – a key virtue of the Stoics. Yet when Hamlet dies (possibly in Horatio’s arms, depending on stage directions) the roles reverse – Horatio, charged by Hamlet’s passion, almost dies with the prince. For the audience, Horatio becomes a separate and important entity as Hamlet delivers the speech about his character that defines Hamlet’s own ideals. Shakespeare gives Hamlet the chance to voice the faculties he admires, thus giving us another chance to understand the greater aspirations and aims of the protagonist. He says: ‘Horatio, thou art e’en as just a man As e’er my conversation coped withal. Nay do not think I flatter,†¦ †¦ Since my dear soul was mistress of her choice, And could of men distinguish, her election Hath sealed thee to herself; for thou hast been As one, in suff’ring all, that suffers nothing; A man that Fortune’s buffets and rewards Hath ta’en with equal thanks; and blest are those Whose blood and judgment are so well co-mingled That they are not a pipe in Fortune’s finger To sound what stop she please. Give me that man. That is not passion’s slave, and I will wear him In my heart’s core, ay in my heart of heart, As I do thee. ‘ (3. 253-73) Horatio is not passion’s slave – if passions, like Fortune, is personified, then it becomes a sort of ancient deity that chooses to blind humans and deny them all rational choice. To a certain extent, all other characters in the tragedy are to varying degree subject to their passions. Horatio by contrast is calm and stable; he is skeptical and rational, as can be seen from his encounter with the Ghost. If passion is a disease-like quality that Hamlet believes to be defectious, then Horatio exemplifies a pure and honourable person – honest by definition, since he does not allow passions to fool his conscience and justify any selfish means or aims. However the most important aspect highlighted by the Prince is Horatio’s philosophical understanding of life. The speech suggests Horatio is a follower of Stoicism, an ancient way of thinking developed once by the ancients and then revived by the great thinkers of the Renaissance. Founded by Xenon, (334-262b. c. ) the philosophy taught to discipline one’s behaviour according to one’s rational mind. Hamlet states that his ideal is such. However the prince himself is not ‘free’ or deprived of passions. The qualities he admires in Horatio are starkly different to the ones he himself displays in his very first monologue. He speaks of evil as ‘self-slaughter’ and cannot come to terms with things ‘rank and grosse in nature’ (1. 2) Hamlet is a man of many different moods and tempers; in this one speech he begins disgusted, grows more passionate in his hatred and it is not until the last two line of that speech when Hamlet says ‘I must hold my tongue’ and regains control of his emotions. It is clear the protagonist cannot remain unaffected when he sees evil’s manifestation in any form; his whole being actively protests and rejects amoral and dishonourable actions. Because of this, Hamlet’s ideal human nature that Shakespeare personifies through Horatio’s character remains, until the time comes at the end of the play, unlike Hamlet’s own. Preparing to fight Laertes, says to Horatio who is desperately trying to prevent the Prince from fencing, convinced he will lose: ‘There is special providence in the fall of a sparrow’ (5.2). This whole speech signifies the way Hamlet matures from admiring into exhibiting Stoic ideals, yet applying them in a more universal way than Horatio. Through hardship and experience Hamlet accepts Fate, but refuses to step aside and give up fighting for his cause. He takes Horatio’s logic and focus, acknowledges all the basis of the teachings of Stoicism, yet unites this with his burning desire to fight evil and restore justice. Horatio’s attempts to save Hamlet from death are doomed, because the protagonist believes the question about his own life has been decided, and thus no longer bothers him. A true Stoic does not fear death. Hamlet’s mysterious last words, uttered to Horatio, echo this: ‘†¦ the rest is silence’ (5. 2. 351) Furthermore, if at the beginning of the play Hamlet and Horatio lack the virtues of each other (Hamlet, unlike his friend, cannot distance himself from anxieties, whereas Horatio comes across as almost emotionally withdrawn), by the end different dimensions of both characters are revealed to us. Horatio, although still wise and composed, truly loves Hamlet. Realising the imminence of the Prince’s death, Horatio grabs the cup with the remaining poison, ready to follow his friend in death. Hamlet stops him and, on his deathbed, urges Horatio to remember the philosophy they both adored, and live by it: ‘If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain To tell my story. ‘ It is important that Hamlet hands over his secret to Horatio, trusting him to clear his name and justify his actions to posterity. Horatio obeys and we trust him to communicate the truth, restoring Hamlet’s innocence. Horatio’s character helps us to understand Hamlet better, to realise how the protagonist matures, and witness the best in him even as he lay dying. Shakespeare’s inclusion of Horatio and his relationship with Hamlet stresses the importance of nobility, dignity, felicity and other moral principles and virtues valued by the Ancient. And lastly, Horatio rules out a conclusive judgment concerning Hamlet’s death and his suffering, and tells of them as ‘carnal, bloody and unnatural acts’ ensuring the audience perceived those strong feelings too.